מתוק מעושן : עישון וגמילה לאנשים עם סוכרת ד " ר אילנה הרמן - בהם מנהלת מחלקה פנימית ג ' ומרפאת סוכרת מרכז רפואי אוניברסיטאי סורוקה.

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Presentation transcript:

מתוק מעושן : עישון וגמילה לאנשים עם סוכרת ד " ר אילנה הרמן - בהם מנהלת מחלקה פנימית ג ' ומרפאת סוכרת מרכז רפואי אוניברסיטאי סורוקה

מה בתפריט הנסיכה ? הקשר בין עישון והופעת סוכרת השפעת העישון על גליקמיה ואיזון סוכרת השפעת עישון על סיבוכי סוכרת האם הפסקת עישון משנה את הסיכון לפתח סוכרת ? איזון ? סיכון לסיבוכים ? הפסקת עישון בסוכרתיים - הדגשים לגמילה

Questionnaires at baseline, 1,3,6,12 years

Sex-specific risk ratios for type-2 diabetes mellitus according smoking habits among 275,190 men and 434,637 women (Will JC. et al., 2001)

14 year follow up of 1,236,443 people aged 30-95

All children born who developed T1DM by 2013-# birth year and HLA matched controls for each T1DM child

מה בתפריט הנסיכה ? הקשר בין עישון והופעת סוכרת – יש !! השפעת העישון על גליקמיה ואיזון סוכרת השפעת עישון על סיבוכי סוכרת האם הפסקת עישון משנה את הסיכון לפתח סוכרת ? איזון ? סיכון לסיבוכים ? הפסקת עישון בסוכרתיים - תכנית טיפולית כוללנית מה המנגנון ?

OGTT

One of the possible mechanisms Insulin action Smoking Oxdative stress Diabetes mellitus Bridges AB. et al., 1993 Paolisso G, et el., 1993

Possible Mechanisms for the Link Between Smoking and Diabetes Smokers are leaner than non-smokers but more central obesity: increased cortisol, decreased testosterone in men, independent effects on estrogen and androgen in women Increased inflammation and oxidation leading to enhanced insulin resistance Acute infusion of nicotine increases insulin resistance Nicotinic receptors on islets and beta cells: decreasing insulin release via neuronal acetylcholine receptors In animals neonatal exposure to nicotine causes beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis

12% of diabetes can be attributed to smoking

Health Consequences of Smoking

השפעה על רמת סוכר

Effects on Glycemia

HbA1c

HbA1c by years of smoking cessation

HbA1c by pack-years

מה בתפריט הנסיכה ? הקשר בין עישון והופעת סוכרת – יש !! השפעת העישון על גליקמיה ואיזון סוכרת - יש !! השפעת עישון על סיבוכי סוכרת האם הפסקת עישון משנה את הסיכון לפתח סוכרת ? איזון ? סיכון לסיבוכים ? הפסקת עישון בסוכרתיים - תכנית טיפולית כוללנית

השפעה על סיבוכים

Case -control study of 163 T1DM and 166 T2Dm No relationship in T2DM

191 T2DM EMG Neuropathic Complaints

Other studies – no correlation

Results eGFReGFR Pro/Creat-U 19 non smokers 10 smokers

HbA1c NS S Mean BP 107/92 NS 105/91 S Cigarette smoking was the only predictor of more rapid decline

Mechanisms of Smoking-induced Renal Damage Nicotine and CO induced Tachycardia hypertension vasoconstriction Direct endothelial damage Increased viscosity and platelet aggregation Mesangial proliferation- ROS,phenol glycoproteins leading to local inflammation

Diabetes and Cancer Risk Vigneri et al. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009;16: **NHF1 polymorphism that is associated with DM protects against prostatic CA

How do Obesity and Diabetes Affect Cancer Development?

Risk Factors For Cancer in Diabetes Vigneri P et al. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009;16:1103 *NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Possible Mechanisms for the Link Between Smoking and Diabetes Smokers are leaner than non-smokers but more central obesity: increased cortisol, decreased testosterone in men, independent effects on estrogen and androgen in women Increased inflammation and oxidation leading to enhanced insulin resistance Acute infusion of nicotine increases insulin resistance Nicotinic receptors on islets and beta cells: decreasing insulin release via neuronal acetylcholine receptors In animals neonatal exposure to nicotine causes beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis

Obesity Diabetes and Smoking Affect Cancer Development! Smoking

Risk of Ulcers and Amputations Comorbid conditions – microvascular, macrovascular disease Patient education and self-care practices Tobacco and alcohol use Cigarette smoking PVDAmputation

4450 people with new onset diabetes

Pittsburg Registry 723 T1DM: 7 year follow up S NS S

מה בתפריט הנסיכה ? הקשר בין עישון והופעת סוכרת – יש ! השפעת העישון על גליקמיה ואיזון סוכרת - יש ! השפעת עישון על סיבוכי סוכרת - יש ! האם הפסקת עישון משנה את הסיכון לפתח סוכרת ? איזון ? סיכון לסיבוכים ? הפסקת עישון בסוכרתיים - תכנית טיפולית כוללנית

השפעה של הפסקת עישון

Study Aim Study Design Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil

Data Collection 8yr Alternate Year Clinic Visit + B.Tests 8yr Alternate Year Clinic Visit + B.Tests

Results :

Adjusted for age, baseline fasting glucose, weight change, baseline BMI, family Hx of DM, alcohol consumption and exercise. Cigarettes / DayYears post Cessation *Significant * * *

Data Collection -ARIC 17 years follow up from yr Annual phone interview & Clinic visit every 3 yrs at approx’ : 9yr Annual phone interview & Clinic visit every 3 yrs at approx’ : Home visit from Annual phone call interview Continues randomizationrandomization

Results : HR for DM in Smokers <13py 1.09 (CI, 0.92 to 1.28) py 1.38 (CI, 1.18 to 1.61) >30 py 1.42 (CI, 1.20 to 1.67) Comp Never Smoked less gain in weight Less Increase in waist circumference Greater decreases in diastolic blood pressure Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:10-17.

Results : HR for DM s/p Stopping Smoking (After 1 st 9 years Compared to never smoked) : Former 1.16 (CI, 0.99 to 1.36) 6-9 yr 1.21 (CI, 0.89 to 1.65) 3-5 yr 1.54 (CI, 1.10 to 2.14)* 0-3 yr 1.80 (CI, 1.44 to 2.25)* Current 1.26 (CI, 1.08 to 1.46) * Significant

Risk For DM among New-Quitters : Men 1. Age > Weight Gain > 4kg 3. Cigarettes per Day > High WBC Women Weight Gain > 4kg & High WBC

To Summarize The more you smoke – The bigger chance you have at contracting diabetes mellitus ! RR ≈ 1.4 (>14 Cig/Day) RR ≈ (>10 Cig - >20 Cig / Day) New quitters ≈ diabetes mellitus ! RR ≈ 2.0 & NNH=45 (During first 2-3 years), Risk factors -men and women : Weight gain > 4 KG Leucocytosis - Smokers’ baseline inflammatory state Amount smoked >20 Cig/day

15 T2DM who stopped smoking 16 T2DM controls who continued smoking

Body Weight

Glycemic Control HbA1cFPG

Blood Pressure

Predictors of Change in HbA1c BMI TG Increase in Body Weight Insulin resistance rather than weight predicts metabolic deterioration after smoking cessation!

Metabolism (60)10:

מה בתפריט הנסיכה ? הקשר בין עישון וסוכרת – יש יותר סוכרת בקרב מעשנים עישון משפיע על רמת הסוכר (HbA1c) בבריאים, טרום סוכרתייםוסוכרתייםהשפעת העישון על גליקמיה ואיזון סוכרת - עישון משפיע על רמת הסוכר (HbA1c) בבריאים, טרום סוכרתייםוסוכרתיים עישון משפיע על התהוות והתקדמות סיבוכ סוכרת ותמותההשפעת עישון על סיבוכי סוכרת - עישון משפיע על התהוות והתקדמות סיבוכ סוכרת ותמותה כן - אבל לוקח שניםהאם הפסקת עישון משנה את הסיכון לפתח סוכרת ? כן - אבל לוקח שנים לאאיזון ? לא כן סיכון לסיבוכים והתקדמותם ? מיקרו - כן כן / לא מאקרו - כן / לא הפסקת עישון בסוכרתיים - תכנית טיפולית כוללנית

מה בתפריט הנסיכה ? הקשר בין עישון והופעת סוכרת – יש ! השפעת העישון על גליקמיה ואיזון סוכרת - יש ! השפעת עישון על סיבוכי סוכרת - יש ! כן - אבל לוקח שניםהאם הפסקת עישון משנה את הסיכון לפתח סוכרת ? כן - אבל לוקח שנים לאאיזון ? לא כן סיכון לסיבוכים והתקדמותם ? מיקרו - כן כן / לא מאקרו - כן / לא הפסקת עישון בסוכרתיים - תכנית טיפולית כוללנית

תכנית להפסקת עישון

Treatment of Diabetes Target Obesity When Treating Glycemia!  Avoid Hypoglycemia Start Early

Risks of smoking and passive smoking are at least equivalent to those in non-smokers Heightened risk for CVD, premature death and microvascular complications

Identify stage of change Behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Medications Be aware of weight gain and depression and put in place strategies to avoid them including meds and HALT!!- don’t get too Hungry, Angry, Lonely or Tired

Where is smoking cessation?

Smoking Cessation Programs Screen quitters for diabetes!!!

יש להשיג את כל היעדים!!!!

דע מאין אתה בא ולאן אתה הולך