12.1 The Politics of Reconstruction Objectives: Summarize President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies Identify differences between presidential and congressional Reconstruction policies. Summarize reasons for President Johnson’s impeachment. Plot the steps taken by Congress to protect the rights of former slaves.

CONTEXT WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR ENDS? How should the devastated South be rebuilt? What would be the place/role of the freedmen? How will the conquered states be re-admitted to the Union? Who will direct/control reconstruction? How could Reconstruction have been done better? ALSO… How will Southern leaders/traitors be treated? What economic system will replace slavery?

RECONSTRUCTION When was Reconstruction? What is being re-constructed? After the Civil War What is being re-constructed? The South How long did it last? 1865-1877 Who did the “constructing”? The North Did it work?

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS LINCOLN’S 1863 PLAN: 10% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union Pledge to abide by emancipation Focused on pardon of individuals by President WADE-DAVIS BILL, 1864: 50% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union STRONG safeguards for emancipation Focused on pardon of states by Congress * Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, exposed split b/w Moderate and Radical Republicans

Taking the Oath of Allegiance These white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Charles Sumner RADICAL REPUBLICANS Charles Sumner (left), Senator from Massachusetts, and Thaddeus Stevens, (right), Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Portraits from Library of Congress) What is a Radical Republican?

What were the Radical Republicans worried about? Southern States, with more new seats in Congress, would control the Federal govt. and halt Reconstruction. WHY DID THE SOUTH HAVE MORE POWER NOW? Freedmen counted FULLY, no longer 3/5.

Pres. Andrew Johnson WHO WAS HE? VP to Lincoln in 1864 to attract pro- Union Democrats to Union Party Humble origins, self-educated, self-made man From Tennessee, slave-owner Pro-Union, appointed war time governor Pro states’ rights Portrait of Andrew Johnson (Library of Congress)

JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN (1865): HOW WAS IT DIFFERENT FROM CONGRESS’ PLAN? Called “Presidential Reconstruction” Same as 10% plan of Lincoln, BUT Disenfranchised leading Confederates and Planter class ($20,000 property or more) Special State Convention to repeal secession laws, repudiate Confederate debts, ratify 13th amendment *Johnson granted many pardons-enraging Radical Reps.

THE FREEDMEN Freedmen’s Bureau (lasted from 1865-1872) What was the job of the Freedmen’s Bureau? - distribute food and clothing - help house - help educate - help train for independence Why did Pres. Johnson veto the Freedmen’s Bureau?

King Andrew King Andrew This Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper's Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's Weekly, 1866) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

REPUBLICAN CONGRESS VS. “ANDY VETO” South returns “whitewashed rebels” to Congress Republicans close Congress to “rebels” Dec. 4, 1865 Johnson recognizes Southern states Dec. 6, 1865 Johnson vetoes extension of Freedmen’s Bureau Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866 Republicans pass 14th Amendment – DOES NOT GRANT RIGHT TO VOTE TO FREEDMEN!!! Johnson defeated in 1866 Congressional Elections How could a President be “defeated” in a Congressional election?

Congressional Reconstruction/ Military Reconstruction: 1867-1877 1867-1869: South divided into 5 military districts Disenfranchised former Confederates Req. South to ratify 14th Amendment Req. South to guarantee full suffrage to Freedmen 1870-1877: Fifteenth Amendment passed to ensure suffrage Federal troops enforce Reconstruction until 1877

Map: The Reconstruction Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Johnson Impeached 1867: Congress passes “Tenure of Office Act” Johnson fires Sec. Of War Stanton, a Radical sympathizer in the Administration House of Reps votes 126 to 47 to impeach Senate fails to remove from office by ONE vote NOTE: Vice Presidency still vacant – many fear Ben Wade as President, despite dislike of Johnson

Distinguished Colored Men This lithograph from 1883 depicts prominent African American men, several of whom had leading roles in Black Reconstruction. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Grant Administration Grant (Republican) wins 214 electoral votes to Seymour’s (Democrat) 80 NOTE: Grant only wins popular vote by 300,000 SIGNIFICANCE: The approx. 500,000 to 700,000 Freedmen’s votes swing election to Grant.

TERMS Objectives: Summarize President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies Identify differences between presidential and congressional Reconstruction policies. Summarize reasons for President Johnson’s impeachment. Plot the steps taken by Congress to protect the rights of former slaves. Andrew Johnson Reconstruction Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens Wade-Davis Bill Freedmen’s Bureau Black codes Fourteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment