Big Test Review

9 th grade overview Social studies basics: Social studies basics: –What are some different ways we learn about the past? –What are some important themes?

The Social Studies Historian: Person who studies the past through researching & creating documents Historian: Person who studies the past through researching & creating documents Geographer: Someone who studies the earth’s physical environment and human habitat Geographer: Someone who studies the earth’s physical environment and human habitat

The Social Studies Sociologist: Person who studies & classifies the ways humans behave in groups Sociologist: Person who studies & classifies the ways humans behave in groups Anthropologist: Person who studies the origins and social relationships of people Anthropologist: Person who studies the origins and social relationships of people Archeologist: Person who studies ancient civilizations by examining the materials they left behind. Archeologist: Person who studies ancient civilizations by examining the materials they left behind. Study people & primates Study objects &artifacts

Sources Primary Source: Primary Source: Document created by someone who was there as event was happening Document created by someone who was there as event was happening –Diary –Picture Secondary Source Secondary Source Document created by someone who wasn’t there as the event was happening Document created by someone who wasn’t there as the event was happening –Textbook

Geographic Feature Impact Specific Example Rivers Provides fresh water for drinking, trade, irrigation Nile in Egypt Mountains Act as barriers Greek city- states Deserts Act as barriers Gobi desert in China Plains Flat areas easy to farm and travel along Persian Empire Oceans Act as barriers and trade routes Indian monsoon traders Islands Isolate societies, encourage trade Minoans, Phoenicians

Dawn of humanity What was life like for early humans? What was life like for early humans? What changed that lifestyle? What changed that lifestyle? What effects did the Neolithic revolution have? It was after all a revolution What effects did the Neolithic revolution have? It was after all a revolution

III. Early Humans/Neolithic Revolution Life Before the Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution Life After the Neolithic Revolution Small groups of hunters and gatherers Short, difficult lives Domestication of plants and animals (farming) Larger societies organized around farmlands CitiesGovernmentWriting

Early Civilizations Name some… Name some… How were those societies structured and organized? How were those societies structured and organized? What impact did geography have on those places? What impact did geography have on those places?

Early River Valley Civilizations River Valley Civilization Social Characteristics Political Characteristics Economic Characteristics Egypt Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate. King (Pharaoh) (centralized government) Divine right of Pharaoh Based on trade & farming (traditional) Mesopotamia Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate, code of Hammurabi King (centralized government) Based on trade & farming (traditional) Indus River Valley/Harappa Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate, well-planned cities, sewers, grid pattern Centralized government Based on trade & farming (traditional) Huang He (Yellow River) Hierarchical society Polytheistic religion Literate Emperor (centralized government) mandate of heaven Based on trade & farming (traditional)

Religions Name the big ones, their founders, and where they were founded? Name the big ones, their founders, and where they were founded? What is sacred or important to those religions? What is sacred or important to those religions?

China: Who was China’s most important early philosopher? Who was China’s most important early philosopher? What gave emperors the right to rule? Explain What gave emperors the right to rule? Explain What else can you remember about Chinese civilization? What else can you remember about Chinese civilization? Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall? Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall?

The “Great” Civilizations What do you remember about Greece, Egypt, and Rome? What do you remember about Greece, Egypt, and Rome?

The Collapse of Rome What happened to Europe ? What happened to Europe ? How was European society organized after? How was European society organized after? What was the one thing that united Europeans at that point in history? What was the one thing that united Europeans at that point in history?

Golden Ages Athenian Democracy – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important? Athenian Democracy – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important? Pax Romana? – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important? Pax Romana? – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important? Gupta Dynasty – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important? Gupta Dynasty – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important?

Golden Ages… continued Han Dynasty – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important? Han Dynasty – who was in charge? What happened? Why is it important?

England What was the Magna Carta? What was the Magna Carta? When did it happen? When did it happen? –1215 Why is it important? Why is it important? –It limited the power of the British monarch

The Catholic Church How did the Church affect European rulers? How did the Church affect European rulers? Who and what broke the power of the Catholic church? Who and what broke the power of the Catholic church? What conflict did the Catholic Church inspire? Why? What happened? What conflict did the Catholic Church inspire? Why? What happened?

The Renaissance What was it? What was it? Where did it happen first? Where did it happen first? Why is it important? How did it change things? Why is it important? How did it change things?

Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment What were they? What were they? Why are they important? Why are they important? How did they change things? How did they change things?

Enlightenment thinkers Locke Locke –People had natural rights (life, liberty, property) Rousseau Rousseau –Social Contract, government comes from the consent of the people Montesquieu Montesquieu –Separation of powers Voltaire Voltaire –Candide, religious freedom & Hobbes Hobbes –Leviathan, people are naturally evil

Turning point: The Enlightenment changed EVERYTHING Inspired the American Revolution Inspired the American Revolution American Revolution inspired French Revolution… which led to European nationalism American Revolution inspired French Revolution… which led to European nationalism Improved women’s rights Improved women’s rights Increased educational opportunities Increased educational opportunities Led to the Industrial Revolution Led to the Industrial Revolution Religious freedom Religious freedom Abolishment of torture Abolishment of torture

The French Revolution End of absolute monarch Louis XVI End of absolute monarch Louis XVI Estates System & Estates General Estates System & Estates General Liberty, equality, brotherhood Liberty, equality, brotherhood Inspired by the Enlightenment Inspired by the Enlightenment Robespierre & the Reign of Terror Robespierre & the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte Enlightened dictator Enlightened dictator Code Napoleon Code Napoleon Conquered Europe Conquered Europe Defeated by Russian Winter (Waterloo) Defeated by Russian Winter (Waterloo)

Congress of Vienna Triumph of Diplomacy Triumph of Diplomacy Triumph of Conservatism Triumph of Conservatism The alliance of countries that defeated Napoleon wanted peace and stability in Europe The alliance of countries that defeated Napoleon wanted peace and stability in Europe Balance of Power Balance of Power Metternich Metternich

Latin American Revolutions

LocationCausePerson Haiti Slave Revolt Toussaint L’Overture Spanish South America Social classes (Creoles) Bolivar, San Martin Mexico Social classes (mestizos) Hidalgo Brazil Creoles demanded independence Dom Pedro

Industrial Revolution a major change in a country’s method of producing goods and organizing labor a movement from: a movement from: –an agricultural to an industrial society – manual labor to use of machines –Rural society to an urban society

Industrial Revolution Began – England (why England?) Began – England (why England?) Later every major country industrialized Later every major country industrialized s s Textile Industry Textile Industry

Effects of the Industrial Revolution People working long hours for low pay People working long hours for low pay Terrible pollution Terrible pollution Slums Slums People being hurt or killed at work People being hurt or killed at work Child Labor Child Labor More goods, produced faster More goods, produced faster Population growth Population growth Urbanization Urbanization New social order New social order

Communism & Capitalism Karl Marx Karl Marx Reaction to Industrial Revolution Reaction to Industrial Revolution Communist Manifesto Communist Manifesto No private property No private property Adam Smith (no real founder) Adam Smith (no real founder) Wealth of Nations Wealth of Nations Private property is a basic inalienable right Private property is a basic inalienable right Supply & Demand Supply & Demand Laissez-faire Laissez-faire

Nationalism What is it? What is it? What are some effects? What are some effects? Austria Hungary Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire Italy Garibaldi Italy Garibaldi GermanyBismarck GermanyBismarck Unite Divide

Imperialism Causes: Causes: Effects: Effects:

Imperialism in Africa Berlin Conference Berlin Conference White Man’s White Man’sBurden

Imperialism in Asia China China –Spheres of Influence –Open Door Policy Japan Japan –Tokugawa Shogunate –Meiji Restoration

Imperialism in India & SE Asia “Jewel in the Crown” “Jewel in the Crown” Indochine Indochine Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

M A I N

WWI Trench warfare Trench warfare Modern killing machines Modern killing machines Central Powers Central Powers – – – Allied Powers Allied Powers – – –

G F L A T