The Rise of a Mass Democracy Chapter 13

“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 1824 John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William H. Crawford Andrew Jackson Adams wins Clay = Secretary of State “Corrupt Bargain”

Yankee Misfit John Quincy Adams Most successful Secretaries of State Least successful Presidents Only removed 12 public officials Did not reward party workers Nationalist Roads/canals National university Astronomical observatory Public thought waste of public funds = continuation of tariffs Dealt fairly with Native Americans Cherokees

Jackson 1828 National Republicans = Adams Democratic-Republican = Jackson “Bargain and Corruption” “All Hail Old Hickory” Mudslinging Bare-knuckle politics Gutter tactics Jackson wins 178 to 83

“Old Hickory” First President from the West Tennessee Judge / Congress First nominated at party convention “Hickoryites” = masses Gave common people a chance to participate in government Political power for all classes

Spoils System Rewarding political supporters with public office Bring in new blood = Housecleaning Administration hires their own people Gave jobs to friends and political allies Important element in 2-party system Loyalty to party

Tariff 1824 & 1828 Proposed tariff to make Adams look bad = didn’t think it would pass “Black Tariff” = Tariff of Abominations South = Angry Sold crops in world markets unprotected by tariffs Forced to buy manufactured goods in American markets protected by tariffs The South Caroline Exposition = pamphlet John C. Calhoun (V.P.)

“Nullies” Nullification in S. Caroline Tariff of 1832 Could not get enough votes Tariff of 1832 Congress raised tariffs again South Carolinians declared the tariffs null – no law Threatened to secede – if duties were collected

Cont. Compromise Tariff of1833 Henry Clay – Proposed tariff bill Great Compromiser Gradually lower duties by 10% over 8 year period By 1842 back to levels of 1816 Jackson urged Congress to pass the Force Bill Use military action if necessary Collect tariff duties

Native Americans 1820’s 125, 000 = East of Mississippi Civilizing / Christianizing Cherokee remarkable efforts Abandoned there seminomadic life Adopted agriculture Private property 1808 Cherokee National Council Legal code 1827 Written Constitution

Cont. 5 Civilized tribes Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles 1828 Georgia Legislature declares Cherokee tribal council illegal Asserted own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and land

Cherokee Worcester V. Georgia Jackson refused Appealed to Supreme Court Worcester V. Georgia John Marshall hears the case Could not regulate Cherokee Nation or invade Jackson refused “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”

Indian Removal Act / Trail of Tears 1830 Government provided funds to negotiate treaties to move Native Americans west Many tribes signed 1838 Drove Cherokee into camps Groups of 1,000 800 mile journey --- on foot ¼ of their people died Trail of Tears Georgia to Indian Territory

Bank War National Bank Very powerful Private Institution Acted like a branch of the government Principle depository for government Controlled much of nations gold and silver Notes = stable Private Institution Moneyed investors President of Bank Nicholas Biddle Held a lot of power “Czar Nicolas I” West = foreclosures

Bank War Cont. 1832 Daniel Webster / Henry Clay Jackson vetoed bill Renew Bank Charter Didn’t expire until 1836 Election issue Ram bill through Congress If Jackson signs = alienates west If Jackson vetoes = alienates wealthy and influential Jackson vetoed bill Unconstitutional McCulloch v. Maryland Executive branch over Judicial

Election 1832 Jackson V. Clay 3rd Party Anti-Masonic Party Opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order Secret rituals / societies Political force in N.Y, mid-Atlantic, and New England Anti-Jackson party Support form Evangelical Protest groups

Election of 1832 Jackson defeats Clay National Nominating Conventions Name candidates Platforms Jackson defeats Clay Electoral Count 219 to 49

Biddle’s Bank Specie Circular Believed the National Bank was for the wealthy Did not serve common people Tried to kill the bank = Bleed it dry Withdrew all government deposits Placed in “Pet Banks” – “Wildcat Banks” Flooded country with paper money Specie Circular Required all public lands to be purchased with “hard” metallic money

Whigs “King Andrew I New political party emerges = Whigs Whig Party Opponents of Jackson Whig Party Diverse Supporters of American System Southern States offended by Jackson Industrialists/Merchants Conservatives / Progressives Canals, R.R., Telegraph lines, prisons, public schools Welcomed market economy

Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren Whigs run several candidates Hand picked by Jackson N.Y. “Yes Man” Whigs run several candidates Van Buren Wins 170 - 124

Van Buren 8th President Born under American Flag Smuggled into presidency under Jackson’s coattails Resentment by democrats Machine made candidate Inherited Jackson’s bank mess

Panic 1837 Financial sickness of the times Grain prices skyrocket Rampant speculation Get-rich-quickism Shaky currency = wildcat banks Grain prices skyrocket Financial problems abroad British = foreign loans Banks collapsed by 100’s Pet banks Government funds Whigs tried to counter with programs Expansion of credit Higher tariffs “Divorce Bill” Independent treasury Independent Treasury Bill = 1840

Texas Mexicans won independence in 1821 1823 1835 Stephen Austin Land grants 1835 Texan Americans = 30,000 G.T.T. Davy Crockett , Jim Bowie Sam Houston Ex-governor = Tennessee

Cont. Friction in Texas 1835 1833 Slavery, Immigration, Local rights Emancipated slaves = 1830 No more troublesome Americans Texans refused 1833 Austin goes to Mexico = negotiate Santa Anna = President of Mexico Throws Austin in jail = 8 months 1835 Santa Anna wipes out all local rights Sends army to suppress Texans

Rebellion Alamo Goliad 13 Days Colonel W.B. Travis 200 Texans Feb. 23 – March 2, 1836 Colonel W.B. Travis 200 Texans 100’s Mexicans Goliad 6 weeks later 300 Rebels

Cont. Treaty of Velasco San Jacinto Sept.1836 Sam Houston 900 soldiers Killed 630 of Santa Anna’s soldiers 18 minutes “Remember the Alamo” Captured Santa Anna Treaty of Velasco Granted Independence to Texas Sept.1836 Houston elected President of New Republic of Texas

Cont. U.S. in a sticky mess Texas wants to be annexed North does not want Texas Slavery = enlarging slavery Texas would come with more land

Election 1840 Martin Van Buren = Democrats William Henry Harrison = Whigs “Old Tippecanoe” John Tyler = Vice President “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” Mudslinging Turned the tide Harrison Wins 234 to 60