Chapter 23 AP Euro Bryan G, Nadia G, Mike D, Codi D.

Population Trends and Migration  In around 1900, the proportion of Europeans in the world’s total population was around 20%. That was greater than it ever was or is.  The number of Europeans rose from 266 million in 1850, to 401 million in 1900, and to 447 million in  In Europe and other developed areas, population stabilized, in underdeveloped regions the populations grew rapidly.  Between , 50 million Europeans left their homelands. They moved mostly to the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Algeria, and Argentina.  Most emigrants were from Great Britain (especially Ireland), Germany, Scandinavia, and southern and eastern Europe. This helped lessen some of the population overload.

The Second Industrial Revolution  Belgium, France, and Germany had basic heavy industries that expanded rapidly.  German steel production surpassed that of Britain’s in 1893, and nearly doubled it by WWI.

New Industries  The expansion of railways on the continent initiated the economic growth.  The Second Industrial Revolution was associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil.  Henry Bessemer discovered a new process that manufactured steel cheaply and in large quantities.  In 1860, Great Britain, Belgium, France, and Germany produced 125,000 tons of steel and by 1913 that rose to 32 million tons.  The chemical industry also came of age. The Solway process of alkali production allowed the recovery of more chemical by-products. This allowed more sulfuric acid and laundry soap to be produced. New dyestuffs and plastics were developed.  Formal scientific research played a role in the growth of the chemical industry, marking the beginning of a direct link between science and industrial development.  The most significant change for industry and everyday life was electricity.  In 1881, Great Britain had the first major public power plant constructed.

New Industries (cont.)  In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler invented the modern internal combustion engine. In 1889 he had it mounted onto a carriage body and the automobile was born!  France took initial control of automobile manufacturing and automobiles remained novelties for years.  Henry Ford made the automobile accessible to the masses.  The automobile industry created a new demand for steel, materials that went in to other auto parts, and a large demand for petroleum products.  The major oil companies were Standard Oil of the United States, British Shell Oil, and Royal Dutch Petroleum.

Economic Difficulties  New farming regions developed in other parts of the world.  Refrigerated ships could bring meat and dairy to Europe from all over the world.  Grain could be more easily grown on the plains of North America, Argentina, and Ukraine rather than it could be in Western Europe. Railways and steamships made it easy and cheap to ship.  These developments lowered the prices of consumer goods, but put pressure on European agriculture.  Several large banks failed in 1873 and the rate of capital investment slowed.  The term “unemployment” was coined in this era, and strikes and other forms of labor unrest became common.  Economic difficulties fed the growth of trade unions and socialist political parties.  The consumer demand for the consumer goods brought the economy out of stagnation by the end of the century.  Lower food prices allowed for the consumption of more consumer goods, urbanization created larger markets, and new forms of retailing and marketing appeared (department stores, chain stores, mail-order catalogues, and advertising) fed consumer demand.  Imperialism opened a new overseas market to the European consumer goods.

The Middle Classes in Ascendancy  Social Distinctions Within the Middle Classes  The middle class grew increasingly diverse.  The most prosperous members of the middle class lived in splendor. W. H. Smith (the owner of railway newsstands) was even made a member of the House of Lords.  The Krupp family of Germany owned huge steel works and were ennobled by the German emperor.  Beneath these families were small entrepreneurs and professional people. Their incomes allowed for comfortable living.  Below them were “white-collar workers” who formed the petite bourgeoisie. They separated themselves from the working class and pursued educational opportunities and even the slightest career investment.  There were tensions among these various groups but the middle classes set the values and goals for

Late Nineteenth Century  Europe became urbanized as migration continued Between urban dwellers rose from 25 to 44% of the French population and from 30 to 60% of the population in Germany ○ Migrants from rural were uprooted from traditional social ties Faced poor housing, social anonymity, and unemployment

Redesign of Cities  Migration placed social and economic demands on the city resources and gradually transformed the patterns of urban life National & Municipal governments redesigned the center of the cities ○ Originally mostly residential Transformed into areas where businesses, government offices, large stores, and theaters were located, but fewer people resided -Commerce, trade, government, and leisure activities now dominated central cities

The New Paris  Most famous and extensive transformation Originally in terrible quality and awfully planned ○ the street structure allowed for easily blockading and horrible defense Baron Georges Haussmann ○ Appointed by Napoleon ○ destroyed whole districts just to open up the boulevards and streets now trademark of modern-day Paris very pretty allowed for easy military action ○ project created thousands of government jobs and private construction labor ○ Further rebuilding and design Occurred under the Third Republic Department stores, office complexes, and middle-class apartment buildings were constructed 1870’s- Mechanical trams ran through city Subway System (the Metro) construction began in 1895 Railways stations were also erected to make for easy travel New Structures of Paris symbolized the social and political divisions between liberals and conservatives in the Third Republic Eiffel Tower was built -temporary structure for the international trade exposition of Basilica of the Sacred Heart -Built between the Roman Catholic Church oversaw the construction as an act of national penance for the sins that had supposedly led to French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

Development of Suburbs  Commercial development, railway construction, & slum clearance displaced city dwellers and raised urban land values and rents Middle and working classes sought residence elsewhere ○ Middle Class looked for neighborhoods away from city’s congestion ○ working class looked for affordable housing Suburbs surrounded almost all city propers -Housed families whose parents worked in cities -European suburbs consisted of apartment buildings or private houses built closely together with small gardens Erection of more transportation allowed for easy travel from suburb to city -Home and work finally became physically separated

Housing Reform and Middle Class Values  Working class living condition and sanitary reforms led to debates over the housing problem Poor were cause of poor sanitation… AKA health hazard ○ Domestic arrangements of the poor (large families in one single room) shocked many Middle Class reformers turned to housing reform to solve medical, moral, and political dangers slums posed Good life=clean house= healthy, moral and politically stable population Jules Simon ○ France ○ Saw good housing as leading to good family life and strong patriotic feeling ○ Aiding poor with housing would alleviate social and political discontent Private Philanthropy attacked first -companies operating on low profit margins encouraged housing for poor mid 1800’s, migration had made housing a huge issue legislation tried to help, but none adopted wide-scale housing experiments by housing problem was fully recognized and adequately addressed ○ Goal of the reform: provide homes for the members of the working class that would allow them to enjoy a family life more or less like that of the middle class. Home would be detached house or an affordable city apartment with several rooms, a private entrance, and separate toilet facilities