Cult Of Personality A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses mass media to create a larger-than-life public image through unquestioning flattery and praise.

Stalin the cult of personality

Secret Agreement “German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact”: secret agreement between Stalin and Hitler neither country would attack each other

Liar! Hitler lied! 1941- “Operation Barbarossa” Germany fully attacks Russia!

Stalin’s Rule Against Trotsky After Stalin came to power he wanted Trotsky out Trotsky was banished three times from three places 1st : Expelled from Moscow 2nd: Expelled from the Communist Party 3rd: Expelled from Russia in 1936 Trotsky fled to Mexico in 1936 He was assassinated by Stalin’s orders in 1940 Stalin also had others assassinated under his rule including one of his own-Serge Kirov in 1934. This was done as a show-trial

Trotsky’s Blame called “Trotskyism” During Stalin’s rule: Russia’s economic system failed Violence, fear, and starvation occurred throughout the country Trotsky was blamed for it all called “Trotskyism” Trotsky was blamed even after his assassination Those who were associated with Trotsky were executed In all, over 20 million citizens were purged (killed, imprisoned, or severely made to change)

Stalin Dies Theory on how he died: Stalin ruled as absolute dictator throughout WWII and until his death on March 5th, 1953. Theory on how he died: 1.Stalin was poisoned with warfarin, a powerful rat poison that makes blood rush to your brain, and the victim has a hemorrhagic stroke (cerebral hemorrhage). 2.He probably suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body. Later dying of cerebral hemorrhage

Communism Communism: Social Utopia where all property is held in common and ALL are equal (Production and goods are commonly owned) Friedrich Engels Karl Marx

Socialism Socialism: A social system or theory in which the producers possess political power and the means of producing and distributing goods

Capitalism Adam Smith Capitalism: Economic system characterized by open competition in a free market and by private corporate ownership of the means of production and distribution Smith devised a set of concepts that remain strongly associated with capitalism today, particularly his theory of the "invisible hand" of the market, through which the pursuit of individual interest produces a collective good for society.

Symbolism *Russian Revolution = Animal Farm *Stalin =Napoleon *Communism =“Animalism”

Allegory Underlying meaning and surface meaning -Grand in scope

FABLE - A short story that has a moral and has animals as characters

SATIRE -A story that makes fun of something

George Orwell Animal Farm “A Fairy Story” George Orwell: Eric Blair Orwell was born in England in 1903 and passed away in 1950 Educated at private schools including Eton Was a part of snobbishness and elitism which lead him to hating the class system disapproved of Communism a socialist Communism was not pure socialism because: gulf in society control of the peasants Hypocritical used his writings to communicate a political message

Orwell and Satire Orwell became a socialist as well as a satirist Satire: The use of ridicule to attack ideas/failures/evil action Orwell became a critic of capitalism and communism Animal Farm is a Satire and an Allegory

Characters and Their Historical Correlation Napoleon: Pig, Joseph Stalin and Napoleon B. of France Snowball: Pig, Leon Trotsky Boxer: Cart Horse, Working Class Society/Inability to think for self Squealer: Pig, Spread a propaganda

Major: Prize Winning Boar, Karl Marx and V. Lenin Clover: Female Cart Horse, Ignorant Society Moses: Tame Raven, Religion/Hope Mollie: Mare, Bourgeoisie (upper middle-class) Benjamin: Long Lived Donkey, Satirist-Change is inevitable

Characters and Their Historical Correlation Muriel: Goat, helps convey the rules/7 commandments Mr. Jones: Manor Farm, Tsar Nicholas II Mr. Frederick: Pinchfield Farm, Hitler/Nazi Germany Mr. Pilkington: Foxwood Farm, Capitalist England/U.S.A.

Characters and Their Historical Correlation Mr. Whymper: Human Solicitor, ties humans and animals together Jessie and Bluebell/Pups: Dogs, Stalin’s brute force-rep. of Hitler’s brainwashed society Minimus: Poet Pig, Manipulator of History (Songs)

Chapter’s 1 (Summary) Drunken Mr. Jones to bed/animals meet in the barn Major Wishes to pass his wisdom Talks about miserable lives and manipulation/born as slaves Could live in luxury given the resources Use the products of their labors Dream from the Previous Night Live free and happy Animals vs. humans (2 legged walking ‘creatures’) Once they take the humans they can’t acquire their traits Ex: live in a house, sleep in beds, drink, smoke, $, clothes, trade (p. 31) “Beasts of England” ---an animal Utopia Mr. Jones fires a shotgun and stops the commotion

Chapter 1 (Analysis) “Beasts of England”- the animals will finally be free from man’s domination—enjoy the fruits of their labors The song words lead to a ‘false reality’ (Reality vs. a Dream Utopia) Major’s simple belief is that ‘Man’ is the only reason for their evil (makes it easy for anyone non human to buy in to the situation Idea touches on class struggle, surplus value, and domination Idea is sincere, but it’s only a fantasy—just like . . . Major states: “All animals are equal” Lenin dies just as Major-leaving his work unfinished Ch. 1=Historic to period before and during WWI Ends with great unrest!

Chapter 2 (Summary) Napoleon/Snowball description (35) The Rebellion-Animals take farm and preserve the house Animalism Moses-Sugar Candy Mountain 7 Commandments: 1. 2 legs is the enemy 2. 4 legs or wings is a friend 3. No clothes 4. No bed 5. No alcohol 6. Not kill any other animal 7. All animals are equal

Chapter 2 (Analysis for Allegory) Russian Revolution Becomes very clear Manor Farm- Part feudal, Part capitalist = Russia Major represents Marx’s philosophy of communism, and Lenin who enacted it = Animalism Animals=working class (esp. Boxer and Clover) Pigs = intelligentsia (organized and controlled the Rev.) Squealer = Propaganda Moses = Russian Orthodox Church Mollie = Bourgeoisie (Luxuries) Russia began with noble ideas including moral dignity and equality-quickly gone on Animal Farm Orwell’s description of pre-rebellion misery-social inequality and mistreatment of workers

Chapter 3 (Summary) “4 legs good, 2 legs bad” - Pigs take charge/superiority- take the milk Raise the pups A lot of work is done- BOXER “I will work harder” Flag with hoof and horn (Russian Flag) Snowball and Napoleon fight (p48) Pigs take human ways (p49) Socialists goals became meaningless tools used for control 4 legs/2 legs—what about wings? Dog Army-(p51) Manipulation (Read Passage)-(p52)

Chapter 3 (Analysis) Boxer’s (People’s) blind faith in the system Imbalance of knowledge and literacy Pigs/Stalin-sole guardians of Animal Farm/Russian principals 7 Commandments Antihuman directive (no clothes), moral values (no kill other animal), utopian ideas (all animals equal) 4 legs good/2 legs bad=not part of the above ideals Propaganda was used to ignore their own unhappiness/shift focus Squealer = Propaganda to control the people Satire – “Good of the State” –emphasizes Russia’s own downfall-pokes fun

Chapter 4 (Summary) The Short Version Battle of Cowshed Medals: Animal Hero First Class Snowball and Boxer

Chapter 4 (Analysis) Allusion: Julius Caesar Russian Interwar Period Trotsky: In order for Communism to work, it has to be global Domino Effect = Non communists become communist Pres. Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used this to justify military involvement in Turkey, Greece, and Vietnam Rumors spread of Russia People fight but don’t understand what they’re fighting for Their own oppression = Irony Orwell was (perhaps) denouncing Comm. & non-Comm. Mr. Jones = Irresponsible/Neglect Mr. P = Don’t do anything

Chapter 5 (Summary) Mollie decides to change sides Napoleon/Snowball argue a lot Each campaign for supporters Windmill plans completed – debate over the project Snowball is attacked and ousted Napoleon takes power (Pig Power) Boxer adds to his ‘catch phrase’ “I will work harder” “Napoleon is always right”

Chapter 5 (Analysis) Napoleon rises as did Stalin Snowball/Trotsky is banished Stalin has his own secret police (intelligentsia) = Dogs 3rd World Country (p64)- Build technology/electricity Stalin first balked at it, then adopted it as his own idea Orwell was part of a Trotskyist group in the late 1930’s during the Spanish Civil War Could be why Snowball is looked at in a positive manner Importance of technological advances in Russia is essential Much effort was put into the overall change As previously mention-Stalin shunned it at 1st, then took it as his own

Chapter 6 (Summary) Work weeks were now 60hr/wk and work on Sundays Food rations were cut Animals eager to take more work b/c it’s for their own benefit Mr. Whimper-Human solicitor introduced Used to obtain outside goods needed (iron, nails, paraffin oil) Pigs now live and sleep in farm house Commandments changed No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets Storm destructs windmill Supposed work of Snowball Snowball is given a death sentence

Chapter 6 (Analysis) Government Oppression (not just in Russia) Overworked working class Government justified luxuries Propaganda is used to cover up mistakes Governments tend to blame others for their own deficiencies and wrong doings to keep their own standing Ex: Communist Russia vs. Trotskyism Ex: U.S.A. vs. Communism By shifting the blame it is easy to manipulate Orwell’s idea: Tyranny is Cyclical More Power = More Corrupt = Become what is was in 1st place Pigs evolve into grotesque human beings-increased resemblance of humans

Chapter 7 (Summary) Harsh winter w/ food shortage (p85) – Animals are misled Humans don’t believe Snowball ruined wall-rebuilt at 3’ thick Egg shortage- increased export/morally wrong Hens rebel and 9 die Snowball’s supposed visits to farm- Everything blamed on him ‘Tied’ to Pinchfield (associate of Mr. Jones p 89) Battle of Cowshed bravery taken away and used against him p90 Napoleon’s battle bravery is hyped up Squealer’s persuasion makes them believe p90 Napoleon stages a purge and takes more power Pigs are forced to falsely confess to conspiracy w/ Snowball They are said to be ‘Trotskyists’ and immediately killed p91/92 Boxer stands up for the animals-Napoleon immediately stops Boxer Egg rebellion confession- 3 more hens killed

Chapter 7 (Summary Cont.) Boxer’s explanation of problem at hand p94 The fault is our own = WORK HARDER Clover wonders how farm could have gotten like it is Animals not smart enough to figure it out Squealer: “No more beasts of England” Song only applies to the rebellion-no need for rebellion now New song with no inspiration “Animal Farm. . .”- Glorifies the situation

Chapter 7 (Analysis) Stalin’s 5 year plan for agriculture resulted in starvation of millions Industrial production was also down Violent tactics of oppressive governments Massive class divisions in egalitarian/true communist society Stalin also had ‘show trials’ (trials w/ preset outcome) Forced people to admit Trotskyism People tortured until admission then executed Stalin kept a common enemy- Trotsky Create fear for people-no one challenged his rule Manipulated statistics- illusion that all is good/better Fear installed b/c people believe propaganda An indestructible dictatorship formed-far from communism

Chapter 8 (Summary) No kill commandment is changed to “. . . w/out cause” Animals work harder to rebuild windmill Very cold winter with famine Napoleon takes title of “Leader” Minimus writes a poem on barn praising Napoleon Controversy between Frederick and Pilkington w/ firewood Windmill is finished-Mr. F. and men blow it up Several animals are killed/Boxer is injured Pigs get drunk Squealer caught w/ paint brush (changing commandments) Animals not smart enough to figure it out Alcohol Commandment Changed to “. . . In excess”

Chapter 8 (Analysis) Overall idea of manipulated rules and govt. to benefit the politically and militaristic powers Minimus’s Poem: great irony/satire of patriotic rhetoric Creates a misdirection (propaganda) for the public Pilkington vs. Frederick Incident Russia/Stalin’s back and forth nature of siding with Germany and then the Allies at the outset of WWII @ last moment, Stalin signs a non-aggression pact with Hitler Hitler (Frederick) betrays his word and invades Western Russia killing 25 million Russians and destroying much of the infrastructure built up during the Russian Revolution This is known as the Battle of Stalingrad Movie: Enemy at the Gate

Chapter 9 (Summary) Start to rebuild the Windmill Boxer grows weak Food Shortage Evident (but not for Pigs and Dogs) They say it’s still better than Mr. Jones’s era Napoleon has 31 piglets w/ 4 sows-builds a schoolhouse Spontaneous demonstrations promoting animal farm Animal farm declared a Republic- Napoleon named Pres. Snowball has rumored to say “Long live humanity” during the battle of cowshed Sugar Candy Mountain stories started again by Moses Boxer fails and collapses Arranged for ambulance (Glue Factory) Boxer announced as incurable and had died (False info)

Chapter 9 (Analysis) Blatant downfall of Animal Farm/Russia Boxer’s death is ironic He worked for the good of all, but is sold for the good of a few Boxer is sold for alcohol His death breaks a lot of commandments Death in a Glue Factory increases the dramatic power of Orwell’s words Russian administration exhausted its worker resources and then discarded them Return of Moses means shift of focus of working class Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church after WWII Spontaneous Demonstrations= Ironic b/c they weren’t spontaneous, they were all planned out for propaganda

Chapter 10 (Summary) Many years have now passed (Dead: Muriel, Pincher, Bluebell, Jessie, Mr. Jones, . . .) Windmill is now used for corn = more $ Pigs and dogs are still in luxury Other animals still accept the goals of the original Rebellion This is a world free of humans with equality for animals Squealer is now walking on his hind legs only Sheep adopt the maxim: “4 legs good, 2 legs better” Only 1 commandment is left! “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others” Napoleon smokes pipe, others read, use radio/phone, wear clothes Napoleon and Pilkington toast each other- No more Comrade Name changed back to Manor Farm Card Game-Ace of Spades played at the same time (Nap/Pilk) No longer distinguish the card players from the humans/pigs

Chapter 10 (Analysis) Totalitarian Communism (controlled by the state/dictator) No socialism or utopia at all Napoleon B. (France) used to be thought of as great during his conquest until he crowned himself emperor of France Instead of abolishing aristocracy, he formed it around himself Hope is help until the end-provides dramatic contrast Original ideas by Major/Marx = Dream/Philosophy Very shocking language- evolution of events Cooperation of Russia and the West during WWII is evident Quarrel over what both desire but can’t have is evident WORLD DOMINATION Banquet shows coop w/ Eng./U.S.A./Russia during WWII Stalin dies in 1953