Humans Try to Control Nature Chapter 1 Section 2 (pages 12-16)

The first humans had faced a struggle for survival The first humans had faced a struggle for survival. For thousands and thousands of years, they had two concerns: finding food and protecting themselves.

They used fire, built shelters, made clothes, and developed spoken language. These areas of life are all part of culture.

Human culture changed over time as new tools replaced old and people tested new ideas. Later some modern humans increased the pace of change.

The people who had lived in the early part of the Old Stone Age were nomads. Nomads are people who wander from place to place, instead of settling down.

Groups like this whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods were called hunter-gatherers. They found food by hunting and gathering nuts, berries, and roots.

The Cro-Magnon people made tools to help them in their search.

These early modern humans used many tools - more than 100 different ones. They used stone, bone, and wood. They made knives, hooks, and bone needles.

Cro-Magnon people also created works of art, including painting Cro-Magnon people also created works of art, including painting. Thousands of years ago, artists mixed charcoal, mud, and animal blood to make paint. They used this paint to draw pictures of animals on cave walls and rocks.

What advances did the Cro-Magnons make in technology and art?

History of the World

In what ways did Cro-Magnon people change human culture?

The Neolithic Revolution (pages 14-15)

For centuries, humans lived by hunting and gathering For centuries, humans lived by hunting and gathering. Humans lived in small groups of only 20 or 30 people. They often returned to a certain area in the same season each year because they knew it would be rich in food at that time.

Over the years, some humans realized that they could leave plant seeds in an area one year and find plants growing there the next year. This was the beginning of a new part of human life: farming.

Scientists think that the climate became warmer all around the world at about the same time. Humans' new knowledge about planting seeds combined with this warmer climate to create the Neolithic Revolution — the agricultural revolution that occurred during the Neolithic period.

The Neolithic Age, or New Stone Age, went from about 8000 B. C The Neolithic Age, or New Stone Age, went from about 8000 B.C. to around 3000 B.C.

Instead of relying on gathering food, people began to produce food Instead of relying on gathering food, people began to produce food. One early farming method was slash-and-burn farming. That meant cutting trees and burning them to clear a field. The ashes were used to fertilize the soil.

Along with growing food, they also began to raise animals Along with growing food, they also began to raise animals. They tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs. Domestication is the taming of animals.

Archaeologists have studied a site in the Zagros Mountains of northeastern Iraq. It is called Jarmo. The people who lived in this region began farming and raising animals about 7000 B.C.

What was the Neolithic Revolution, and how did it change life for people?

Villages Grow and Prosper (pages 15-16)

People began to farm in many spots all over the world People began to farm in many spots all over the world. The study of one village, Catal Huyuk, in modern-day Turkey shows what early farming communities were like.

The village grew on the good land near a river The village grew on the good land near a river. Some workers grew wheat, barley, and peas.

Others raised sheep and cattle Others raised sheep and cattle. Because these workers produced enough food for all the people, others could begin developing other kinds of skills.

Some made pots out of clay that they baked—the first pottery. Population = 6000

Others worked as weavers. Some artists decorated the village Others worked as weavers. Some artists decorated the village. Archaeologists have found wall paintings that show animals and hunting scenes.

They have found evidence that the people had a religion, too.

The people of Catal Huyuk used volcanic rock, called obsidian, to make mirrors, knives, and jewelry. They also began to trade these items.

Early farming villagers had problems, too Early farming villagers had problems, too. If the farm crop failed or the lack of rain caused a drought, people starved. Floods and fires caused damage and death. With more people living near each other than before, diseases spread easily. Still, some of these early villages grew into great cities.

Use the Chart to answer the questions When did the Agricultural Revolution begin? When was population growth the greatest?