Teaching note Just in case you have never tried this before. This is split into 6 spaced learning presentations. The idea is that each one is presented and the students focus on remembering the key words that are highlighted red. After each run through a completely unrelated task (the more quirky the better) is given to allow for processing time and then a run through trying to remember the key points is completed. Blue slides separate the tasks.

P2 Spaced Learning All you need to do is remember the red highlighted words!

P2 Spaced Learning All you need to do is remember the red highlighted words!

P2 Topic 1 Static and electrical current

X Mass Number Atomic Number Number of protons + number of neutrons Number of neutrons (and equals the number of electrons) C 12 – So since 6 protons there must be 6 neutrons 6 – Protons = 6 & Electrons = Make up of an atom

MassCharge Electron1/2000 Proton1+1 Neutron10 As the number of protons equals the number of electrons their charges cancel out to give atoms a charge of zero. Unless they are ionised. Ionised means that they have gained or lost electrons.

In this atom there are 3 protons and 3 electrons, this means that it is electrically neutral; +3 – 3 = 0 The same atom has lost 1 electron so now it has 3 protons but 2 electrons it’s ionised; +3 – 2 = +1 Note: It gains an equal but opposite charge to what is lost

Charges are like magnets

Static electricity is the build up of electrostatic charge in an insulating material. This is due to the movement of electrons to or from the insulating material due to friction. Rubbing the rod with a cloth moves electrons from the cloth – the rod becomes negatively charged Rubbing the rod with a cloth moves electrons to the cloth – the rod becomes positively charged Caused by Friction

The charges in the wall are not completely free to move as the wall is also an insulator and not a conductor! Note: The charges of the balloon will eventually dissipate as they meet ions in the air

If charge builds up it can flow to earth through a conductor The conductor allows a complete circuit to be made.

Sometimes insulators “break down” and conduct this needs a large build up of charge, like lightning, where the negative charge earths onto the positively charged Earth’s surface As the clouds rub past the Earth electrons (negative charge) builds up on the underside of the cloud. The topside of the cloud becomes positively charged due to the positively charged Earth surface.

"Lightnings sequence 2 animation" by original data: Sebastien D'ARCO, animate: Koba-chan - original source is Image:Lightnings sequence 2.jpg, animated by me.. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons

When refuelling aircraft static electricity can build up both on the aircraft itself and due to friction of the fuel through the pipe. SO The aircraft, fuel tanker and pipe are earthed by a conductor that allows the charge to flow safely to earth (known as discharging) so that no charge is allowed to build up. Remember lightning!!!

Positive charge given to paint Negative charge given to object being painted The positive paint droplets repel and spread out to improve coverage. The negative charges on the object attract the positive paint droplets so paint can cover all of the object evenly.

Series Circuit – 1 bulb Current is the flow of charge i.e. the flow of electrons. The charge on an electron is so small that the unit of a coulomb is used. 1 coulomb is the charge from 6,241,509,750,000,000,000 electrons ! Time (seconds, s) Charge (Coulombs, C) Current (Amps, A) Conventional Current Flow Electron Flow

Direct Current or DC is where the supplied PD/Current remains fixed at one value and in one direction, like from a battery. Alternating Current or AC is where the supplied PD/Current vary smoothly from one value and direction to another value and direction, like from a plug socket. Remember negative PD just means the charges are flowing in the opposite direction. These PDs can be shown on an oscilloscope like those above. Each vertical square represents voltage each horizontal square represents time.

What can you remember?

X Mass Number Atomic Number Number of protons + number of neutrons Number of neutrons (and equals the number of electrons) C 12 – So since 6 protons there must be 6 neutrons 6 – Protons = 6 & Electrons = Make up of an atom 1 2 3

MassCharge Electron1/2000 Proton1+1 Neutron10 As the number of protons equals the number of electrons their charges cancel out to give atoms a charge of zero. Unless they are ionised. Ionised means that they have gained or lost electrons

In this atom there are 3 protons and 3 electrons, this means that it is electrically neutral; +3 – 3 = 0 The same atom has lost 1 electron so now it has 3 protons but 2 electrons it’s ionised; +3 – 2 = +1 Note: It gains an equal but opposite charge to what is lost 1 2 3

Charges are like magnets 1 2

Static electricity is the build up of electrostatic charge in an insulating material. This is due to the movement of electrons to or from the insulating material due to friction. Rubbing the rod with a cloth moves electrons from the cloth – the rod becomes negatively charged Rubbing the rod with a cloth moves electrons to the cloth – the rod becomes positively charged Caused by Friction

The charges in the wall are not completely free to move as the wall is also an insulator and not a conductor! Note: The charges of the balloon will eventually dissipate as they meet ions in the air 1 2 1

If charge builds up it can flow to earth through a conductor The conductor allows a complete circuit to be made. 1 1

Sometimes insulators “break down” and conduct this needs a large build up of charge, like lightning, where the negative charge earths onto the positively charged Earth’s surface As the clouds rub past the Earth electrons (negative charge) builds up on the underside of the cloud. The topside of the cloud becomes positively charged due to the positively charged Earth surface

When refuelling aircraft static electricity can build up both on the aircraft itself and due to friction of the fuel through the pipe. SO The aircraft, fuel tanker and pipe are earthed by a conductor that allows the charge to flow safely to earth (known as discharging) so that no charge is allowed to build up. Remember lightning!!! 1 2 3

Positive charge given to paint Negative charge given to object being painted The positive paint droplets repel and spread out to improve coverage. The negative charges on the object attract the positive paint droplets so paint can cover all of the object evenly

Series Circuit – 1 bulb Current is the flow of charge i.e. the flow of electrons. The charge on an electron is so small that the unit of a coulomb is used. 1 coulomb is the charge from 6,241,509,750,000,000,000 electrons ! Time (seconds, s) Charge (Coulombs, C) Current (Amps, A) Conventional Current Flow Electron Flow

Direct Current or DC is where the supplied PD/Current remains fixed at one value and in one direction, like from a battery. Alternating Current or AC is where the supplied PD/Current vary smoothly from one value and direction to another value and direction, like from a plug socket. Remember negative PD just means the charges are flowing in the opposite direction. These PDs can be shown on an oscilloscope like those above. Each vertical square represents voltage each horizontal square represents time