004GREECE CRETE and MYCENAE 2,000 BC to 1,100 BC –Ancient civilizations on Aegean Sea Crete2,000 BC to 1,400 BC –Protected by the sea –Luxurious, relaxed way of life –Art consisted of freely shaped forms = feeling of movement »Built palaces Mycenae –Greek mainland –Society of warriors »Built citadels »Principle residents were megarons

PALACE OF KNOSSOS

SOUTH PROPYLAEUM Palace of King Minos, Knossos c B.C. The south propylaeum is the main entrance to the palace. Here it is behind the wall of the corridor of the procession. Stones and wood are the basic building materials. Columns are made from tree trunks which are shaped, plastered, and placed upside down. BACK TO INDEX

NORTH PROPYLAEUM Palace of King Minos, Knossos c Goods and material brought up to the palace from the harbor enter through a gate at this guard post. A path under the colonnade leads to the central portions of the palace. Barely visible on the wall behind the columns is a fresco of a bull. The bull figures prominantly in the decoration within the complex. The fertility symbolism is clear. BACK TO INDEX

ROOM IN THE WEST WING Palace of King Minos, Knossos c B.C. A room in the west wing built over a crypt. It is a good example of the Minoan mixture of stone and timber construction. The use a of a column for support clearly opens up the space. The large high windows are common features in the palace. They open the space further, ventilate and give light to the room, and keep the occupant in closer touch with the world of nature outside. BACK TO INDEX

THREE-STORY RESIDENCE Palace of King Minos, Knossos c B.C. South of the palace is this private house with rooms on three floors. The house probably belongs to a nobleman or an official. BACK TO INDEX

THRONE ROOM Palace of King Minos, Knossos Late 15th century B.C. These columns and bench, opposite the throne, divide the room from a small stairway leading to a room below. This is a good example of a column with a black shaft and red capital. The capital is decorated with white and black bands. BACK TO INDEX

STAIRWELL Palace of King Minos, Knossos c, 1600 BC The ground level of the stairwell which adjoins the royal apartments. BACK TO INDEX

DOLPHIN FRIEZE QUEEN'S APARTMENT Palace of King Minos, Knossos c B.C. The queen's apartment or megaron consisted of a fairly spacious suite of rooms. This is the famous dolphin frieze in the main room. Decorative rosette panels surround the door openings and run across the walls. The importance of both the sea and of animals as decorative images is clearly illustrated here. BACK TO INDEX

BATHROOM IN THE QUEEN'S APARTMENT Palace of King Minos, Knossos c B.C. The queen's bathroom and bathtub, adjacent to the room above. There also was a room with a toilet that flushed. Note the elegant symbolic waves as a decorative frieze. BACK TO INDEX

FEMALE IDOL From Hagia Triada c B.C. Museum of Herakleion, Crete A terra-cotta female idol covered with breasts. Later you will note this same form of decoration on a libation jug. BACK TO INDEX

RHYTON BULL From the Little Palace, Knossos B.C. A rhyton (libation vase) in the shape of a massive bull's head. It is made of steatite, with eyes of rock crystal - and horns of gilded wood. The natural quality of the bull is outstanding. BACK TO INDEX

Beneath the Palace of Knossos BENEATH THE PALACE AT KNOSSOS

GREEK MEGARON

MEGARON PLAN

MEGARON EXTERIOR

TREASURY OF ATREUS

DROMOS

LION’S GATE 1250 BC

DETAIL OF LION’S GATE

DOMED INTERIOR

INTERIOR

GREECE –Greek Ideal - mind and body as one –Architecture is the mainstream of European tradition –Worth of the individual Who were the ancient Greeks??????????? –Dorians »Invaded from the north 1100 BC –Ionians »Invaded from the east »Settled in the Greek Islands GREEK ANTHROPOMORPHISM = MAN + FORM –Greek Government Limited democracy - city-states –Greek Religion Worshipped natural phenomenon

GREEK ANTHROPOMORPHISM Man + Form –Architecture reflects maker in human scale Temples –Prototype was megaron, Mycenean Chieftain’s House –Considered a house –Classified by number of columns ie hexastyle, peripteral Orders –Doric, Ionic, Corinthian –Determines shape, disposition and proportions of entire set –All were brightly painted

DORIC TEMPLES Evolved speciman –Converged toward an ideal –6 th Century changed from timber to stone HERA I (BASILICA) 530 B.C. –Atypical Nine columns, center divided by column HERA II (POSEIDEN) 460 B.C. –Typical Hexastyle façade Two double-tiered colonnades inside

PAESTUMMEDITERANIAN SEA

GREEK TEMPLES IN PAESTUM ITALY

BASILICA (HERA I) TEMPLE

TEMPLE OF HERA I FLOOR PLAN

HERA II TEMPLE

BASILICA FOREGROUND HERA BACKGROUND

PARTHENON Architects Ictinus and Callicrates B.C. Design Characteristics –U-shaped double-tiered columns –Proportion 4:9 –Paradoxical effects –Optical and angular refinements Variations from the perpendicular and subtle deviations –Refinements show an astounding degree of craftsmanship

PARTHENON FLOOR PLAN

PARTHENON

Optical and angular refinements

DORIC ORDER IONIC ORDER

GOLDEN SECTION FOUND IN NATURE