453 Chapter 4 Before there was English…

Food for Thought Consider and explain… Chinese: ma = ma = Mother German: bam = bong = bell’s sound French: fille = filly = girl Bantu: nguba= goober = peanut Russian: brat= brother= brother Why are there so many similarities?

Food 4 Thot 2 To what extent can we explain why languages change? Consider: Time Geography Social factors

Indo-European AKA: Proto Indo-European 3, ,000 BC Farming culture Religious Elaborate burial sites ~ Northern Europe // Southern Russia Sir William Jones

Language Family Mother – Daughter Families – Family Trees BUT: ≠ Birth ≠ Intentional branching ≠ Death (?)

Language Classifications Isolating Agglutinative Incorporative Inflective OR Genetic

Reconstruction Best guess based on comparative study Marked by * *kmtom  “hundred”

Cognates Similar in form Similar in menaing IELatinGreekOld EngT.Eng *bher-fer-pher-ber-bear

Inflections Nominative: I saw a cookie Vocative:Sally, give me a cookie Accusative:She gave me a cookie Genitive:It’s now my cookie Dative:She gave me a cookie Ablative:I should avoid cookies Locative:I should put them away Instrumental:I eat with my hands

Word Order Greenberg Lehmann VO … OV

I-E  Germanic 1. New words 2. Loss of inflection (not pres/past) 3. Dental suffix 4. Adjectival declension 5. First syllable stress 6. Vowels o  α // ᾱ  ō 7. Consonants  Grimm’s Law

Grimm’s Law bh  b dh  d gh  g p  f t  Ө k  h b  p d  t g  k

Verner’s Law Proto-Germanic voiceless fricatives Become voiced In voiced environment Except Word initial Adjacent to voiceless sound I-E stress on first syllable

Exercises – Part of each