Inflammation and Course Themes Nancy Long Sieber, Ph.D. Sept. 12, 2011

At Age Remaining Years of Expected Life 2003 Remaining Years of Expected Life White Male White Female Black Male Black Female White Male White Female Black Male Black Female 0 (Birth) Source : US CDC Life Expectancy of Americans at Various Ages in 1900-’02 and 2003 By Age, Gender and Race

Challenges and Adaptation

What is the significance of injury and toxicity? Tissues differ in their capacity for repair –Epithelial cells are continuously replaced –Nerve cells, in general, do not divide Organs also differ in their “safety factors” –All organs have some amount of excess capacity –With aging and injury, the excess capacity is lost, and this may lead to loss of function

Elevator cable for passenger elevators has a safety factor of about 11

Necrosis and Apoptosis

Developing human hand before web apoptosis

Developing hand after web apoptosis

Modified from: Area of dead tissue (Ischemic core) Ischemic penumbra where cells are irreversibly damaged. Cells in this region often undergo apoptosis in the hours after the stroke.

Inflammation

Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 IL-6 TNF LIVER Positive acute phase reactants: Fibrinogen Serum amyloid A C-reactive Protein C3 Haptoglobin

Allergen binds to IgE, which links to mast cells, triggering release of histamine.

Common Allergens

Autoimmune Disease

Cancer

Stress Responses

2000 Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

In this abdominal MRI scan, it is possible to see subcutaneous fat around the abdomen, surrounding abdominal muscles. Visceral fat is deeper inside the abdomen, surrounding internal organs.It is the visceral fat that secretes IL-6, strongly suggesting a mechanistic link to systemic inflammation.

The women in this study did not gain weight, but they did have an increase in abdominal fat