In Boston, 1821, a high school was established for boys that provided what kind of curriculum?  Practical and useful studies  Traditional and classical subjects 

Boston boys’ high school  It was a follower of the Common Schools (which had a practical, useful curriculum) AND IT WAS  An alternative to the Latin Grammar school (which was traditional and classical)

Soon after, in 1828, a girls’ high school opened and it was very successful. WHY did it close after 3 years?  Girls couldn’t do the physical skills as well as the boys.  Girls were needed at home for domestic reasons.  Girls stayed in school and rarely got employment 

Boston girls’ high school  Because girls tended to stay in school longer, and didn’t get employment, the public viewed that as a “waste of taxpayers’ money.”

By 1860, high schools were slowly growing, and not being demanded by the masses. Which of these statements are TRUE about high schools then?  Practical and useful studies  Traditional and classical subjects  Mostly scattered in the country  Mostly located in urban(city) areas  

By 1860, high schools were slowly growing, and not being demanded by the masses. Which of these statements are TRUE about high schools then?  Promoted economic progress  Promoted values of democracy  Insufficient number of students  Privately supported institutions  

Boston boys’ high school  At that time, there was a sufficient number of students, thus less demand.  The schools were tax-supported by the public, and not privately supported.

Secondary schools  …”a reformer’s response to urbanization and industrialization.” (p.136)  Explain what this quote means about high schools of the late 1800’s.

After the Civil War, there was a greater demand for Secondary education for what reasons?  There was a call for more trained ministers and return to religious values.  There was a growth in population due to immigration.  There was rapid growth in industry and technological change.  

Secondary schools  Because of the growth in industry and technology there was a demand for skilled workers: (practical studies)  The need for secondary schools was similar to the reasons for the earlier Common School movement.

“Kalamazoo” case of 1874, Michigan Supreme Court  What happened in the legislature about elementary and secondary education because of this case?

Kalamazoo case  Both elementary and secondary schools would be tax-supported by the public.  By the end of the 19 th century, high schools were publicly supported and established; they had replaced the Academy.

What was the main reason that Compulsory Attendance came about?  It was driven by child-labor laws  To raise the literacy rate of African Americans  To bring girls back into education 

Compulsory Attendance  By 1918, school attendance became required until a child reached a certain age or certain grade.  There was an increase in literacy; except for the African Americans

Compulsory Attendance  By 1900, children attended school days per year. (p )  Today, in Kansas, children attend school days per year.  le_11/#

In 1892, THE COMMITTEE OF TEN was established for this reason:  A need to re-examine policies on which social classes could attend high school;  Some educators were not in agreement with the “practical curriculum” in place;  For purposes of selecting a trained group of female teachers for high schools. 

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN  The committee was appointed by the National Education Association.  It was mostly made up of presidents from leading colleges, who were going to look at the purpose of and ‘bring order’ to the high school curriculum.

Which of these changes in the high school curriculum were recommended by THE COMMITTEE OF TEN?  Practical and useful studies  Classical and basic subjects  Latin and scientific subjects  Modern language and English   

Which of these were also recommended by THE COMMITTEE OF TEN?  8 years of elementary school  2-3 years of junior high  4 years of secondary/high schools  

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high school:  The entire curriculum was to be made up of college preparatory courses.  The instruction should be the same for both college bound and non- college bound ‘terminal’ students.

CHARLES ELIOT, President of Harvard University and head of The Committee of Ten insisted that: “All students should take the same types of rigorous academic courses.”

"...every subject which is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what point his education is to cease."

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high school was: EEnglish, mathematics, and history or civics/government for every student every year in high school Was this true of your high school required classes?

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high school: Formed the basis of the practice of taking natural science, biology, chemistry, and physics, respectively, in ascending high school years Was this true of your high school required classes?

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high school :  was still classical and Latin-scientific  offered an alternative to Latin and Greek with modern (foreign) languages, and English

THE COMMITTEE OF TEN’s recommended curriculum for high school was: tto establish some standardization for students whether or not they intended to go to college.  ‘dominated’ by these college recommendations for the next 25 years.

Goal of this curriculum:  to prepare all students to do well in life, contributing to their own well-being and society's good, and to prepare some students for college.

Rationale or purpose for this curriculum: MENTAL DISCIPLINE Good for both college bound and non-college bound students. Trains the power of observation, memory, expression and reasoning. = ACADEMIC RIGOR = CRITICAL THINKING AND ANALYSIS

High school core classes needed for college admission (in general):  4 years of English  3 years of Math  2-3 years of Foreign Language  2-3 years of Science  2-3 years of Social Studies / History collegeapps.about.com

Bethany College history  Bethany ACADEMY: Founded on October 15, 1881  Held in the sacristy of Bethany Lutheran church; 10 students and later increased to 27.

Bethany Academy  Entrance requirements: Had to be able to read, and do the four basic operations of arithmetic. Had to be twelve years old.

Bethany Academy, 1881 BBasic curriculum: Reading the Bible and religious history Arithmetic, Geography, Penmanship Reading both English and Swedish Orthography (spelling)

2 nd year, 1882 Bethany Academy BBasic curriculum expanded: United States history and sacred history English grammar; Swedish orthography Civil government and Natural Philosophy Algebra and Latin

Bethany Academy, 1883 AAfter Handel’s Messiah and Oratorio first performance in 1882: Music Department and studies added; College policy stated, “In our school the Swedish and English languages shall be considered equally important.”

 The motto was “Christo et Ecclessiae” For Christ and the Church The Academy catalogue stated: “Religious instruction not only forms a part of the daily routine of the school, but every endeavor is made to surround the student with a healthy religious atmosphere…”

Bethany College  Bethany ACADEMY: Founded on October 15, 1881  Bethany Normal Institute:  Bethany College: 1889 IDENTIFYING THE EMPHASIS ON TEACHER EDUCATION

Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first address in 1889  “A good education is the greatest of all riches and a condition of liberty. The ignorant man is a slave in proportion to his ignorance. The development of the intellect… will furnish knowledge but it must also build character…”

Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first address in 1889 “Let us build from the fine marble of the classics, and founded on the granite of ancient wisdom…but allow it to be cemented together by nothing except the unadulterated and divine truth of Christ’s religion…”

Carl Swensson, President of Bethany College’s first address in 1889 “No man is complete, no government is safe, no civilization will be perpetuated without religion.”

Bethany College, 1891  Bachelor of Arts degrees with classical or scientific emphasis  Certificates in these departments: Commercial, Normal, Music and Art  (readings from Lindquist, p.18-19)