Bright Lights, Bigger City!!!

 CE Analyze the factors that enabled the United States to become a major industrial power including technological advances.  CE Analyze the changing urban and rural landscape by examining the development of cities divided by race, ethnicity, and class.  CE Describe at least three significant problems or issues created by America’s industrial and urban transformation between 1895 and 1930.

 Advances in science and technology helped solve urban problems, including overcrowding. CITY LIFE AND THE ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY  1870, only 25 U.S. cities had pop of 50,000 or more  1890, 58 cities had pop of 50,000 or more…by 1900, 4 out of 10 Americans lived in cities—Why do we have this trend?  Growing population increases the need for communication, transportation and more space…

 Skyscrapers able to be created due to two factors: the invention of elevators and the creation of steel skeletons to carry the weight of the building  Louis Sullivan (creates Wainwright building in St. Louis) and Daniel Burnham (creates Flatiron Building in NY)  Helped make better use of space that was limited

 Old form of transportation before electricity: horse- drawn street cars and underground cable systems  Electric transit = networks of trolley cars (electric powered) and “el” (elevated above city levels) and “subway” (below cities) trains utilized – helps cities to expand outwards—Other benefits?  Steel cable suspension bridges (i.e. Brooklyn Bridge) brings cities together

 Cities want to design recreational centers (parks)—Fredrick Law Olsmsted creates Central Park with boating, tennis, a zoo, and bicycle paths—Why is this important?  Olmstead also designs parks for St. Louis, Washington D.C., and Boston

NEW TECHNOLOGIES  By 1890 U.S. literacy rate was 90%--publishers created books, magazines, and newspapers to keep up with demand  American mills mass produce wood pulp paper it was cheap to make, can print on both sides, affordable, and durable for high-speed presses  Orville and Wilbur Wright (bicycle manufacturers) experiment with the creation of a flying craft  Built a glider with a four cylinder combustion engine, chose a propeller, and designed a biplane with a wingspan  fly this plane on 12/17/1903 and lasts for about 12 seconds ONE SWEET FLIGHT!!!ONE SWEET FLIGHT!!!  By 1920, U.S. gov’t influenced by the potential of flight creates airmail

 Before 1880’s, only professionals take photos  equip. was too heavy and could not take photos of moving objects  George Eastman replaces the heavy glass plates and need for a portable dark room—develops flexible film to be developed at the studio  Creates Kodak camera for $25 and a 100-picture roll of film to be developed at his company— when returned, one received the photos and a refill  Amateur photos and photojournalism take off (before news pics were drawings!)

 Reforms in ed led to a rise in literacy and promotion of public education. EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION  Many states had public ed. during Civil War, but not everyone went and most only went and left within four years—few attended high school  Between 1865 to 1895 states pass laws that requires 12 – 16 weeks of school a year for kids ages 8 – 14  Curriculum emphasizes reading, writing, and arithmetic—had strict rules and physical punishment IT’S AS SIMPLE AS ABC IT’S AS SIMPLE AS ABC

 Kindergarten was added (borrowed from German immigrants)—due to employment of mothers  Still very unequal at this time, most black kids don’t get the opportunities, especially in the South  New industry created need for workers to have more skills for a particular job—due to this, high school and vocational ed take off  Curriculum, now, begins to include science, civics, social studies, drafting, mechanics, and office work (1900’s)

 1890 only 1% of African Americans attend high school; 1910 only 3% attend; while the rest attended prvt. schools  Immigrants are encouraged to go to school to be “Americanized”—send kids to school because it is free  Some resentments include loss of Native languages and Catholics not wanting kids to read Protestant version of the Bible (set up prvt. schools)  Adult immigrants could attend night school to learn English and to qualify for American citizenship

EXPANDING HIGHER EDUCATION  High school increased, but college didn’t at first  Between 1890 to 1920, enrollment quadrupled, new requirements and admissions policies added due to this factor  Research universities emerge (adding physical science, psychology, and sociology); professional law and medicine schools are created

 Despite discrimination, African Americans attend schools such as Fisk, Atlanta, and Howard Universities  Booker T. Washington (believes racism will end once African Americans understand the economy and acquire the right skills) – he heads the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute to train teachers and people to excel in agricultural, domestic, and mechanical work  B.T.W. took a gradual approach to equal rights, pull yourself up with hard work

 W.E.B. Du Bois – did not agree (Harvard grad), he creates the Niagara Movement: values liberal arts education to create well-educated leaders  He discusses the “talented tenth:” top ten percent to integrate people into mainstream society  W.E.B. wanted nothing less than full equality for all, eventually got mad and left the U.S.

 Blacks fought against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws. AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT LEGAL DISCRIMINATION  After Reconstruction, Southern states adopted laws to weaken black rights/power  Limit vote to people who can read by administering a literacy test, African Americans got harder questions or given a test in a foreign language  Poll tax created: had to pay taxes before you could vote; many could not afford

 For whites that cannot pay the poll tax or pass the literacy test, the “grandfather clause” is created: allowed to vote if father or grandfather voted before January 1 st, 1867  Southern states passed segregation laws, known as Jim Crow Laws: to separate public places such as schools, parks, hospitals, and transportation  Plessy v. Ferguson reached S.C. in 1896 – court issued doctrine of “separate but equal” is legal and did not violate the 14 th Amendment

 Jim Crow Images and Cartoons Jim Crow Images and Cartoons TURN OF THE CENTURY RACE RELATIONS  Racial etiquette est. = blacks were not allowed to shake hands with whites, had to give up the sidewalk rights, and must remove hats as a sign of respect for whites (Hitler use with Jews)  Blacks who violated etiquette were in danger of violence and lynchings—between more than 1,400 were shot, burned, or hanged without trial  Discrimination existed in the North too when many moved for pursuit of jobs—forced into segregated neighborhoods, last ones hired and first ones fired— creates race riots

DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST  Native Americans live in territories claimed by U.S.; Asian immigrants flock to West Coast for wealth created by jobs; Hispanics inhabit the southwest— racial tensions make life difficult  Hispanics hired to build railroads in Southwest— used to hot climate but had to work for less money and work was difficult  Some become trapped by debt peonage: slavery until debt is paid…but you can’t pay it—Allowed until 1911 (Supreme Court said violated 13 th Amendment)  Job competition with the Chinese developed— pushed into segregated neighborhoods and schools