Chapter 3 Conception, Prenatal Development, and Birth

In this chapter... What happens during the first nine months of development? Will the baby be normal? What should parents do during pregnancy to optimize the baby’s health? What happens during the birth process?

Stages of Prenatal Development esult/from_conception_to_birth esult/from_conception_to_birth StageDuration GerminalConception to 2 weeks Embyronic2-8 weeks Fetal8 weeks to birth

Fertilization Process by which sperm and ovum combine to create a single cell—zygote What happens when a woman ovulates? Where is sperm produced? How does sperm get to the ovum for fertilization? When and where does fertilization take place?

Multiple Births Monozygotic (MZ) – One egg – One sperm – Identical Twins – Share 100% of genes Dizygotic (DZ) – Two eggs – Two sperm – More common – Fraternal Twins – Share 50% of genes – just like non-twin siblings Semi-identical Superfetation--Women Got Pregnant Twice - YouTubeWomen Got Pregnant Twice - YouTube

Conception and the Zygote: The First Two Weeks Gestation – period from conception to birth Within hours of conception, the sperm and egg create a zygote. – End of first week differentiation of cells begins. –During second week implantation occurs.

Germinal Stage: Conception to 2 weeks

Embryonic Stage: 2-8 weeks Ectoderm Skin Nerves Sense organs Mesoderm Muscle Bones Circulatory system Some organs Endoderm Digestive system Lungs Urinary tract Glands Specialized layers of cells Organs and major body systems develop rapidly – Respiratory – Digestive – Nervous 3 ½ weeks—brain begins to form Neurogenesis begins Risk of spontaneous abortion

Fetal Stage: 8 weeks to Birth Organs, muscles, nervous system more organized, connected Size increases Cephalocaudal/ Proximodistal Principles Finishing touches – toenails, eyelids Appearance of bone Fetal Development Pictures Slideshow: Photos Month-by- Month by WebMD Fetal Development Pictures Slideshow: Photos Month-by- Month by WebMD

Figure 3.3—Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development

Prenatal Development: Ultrasound Imaging m/watch?v=PN3e7nyEx qc&feature=fvsr m/watch?v=PN3e7nyEx qc&feature=fvsr m/watch?v=PN3e7nyEx qc m/watch?v=PN3e7nyEx qc

Chromosomal Abnormalities Typically occur because of errors in cell division Result is extra or missing chromosome du/biocourses/N100/2k2hu mancsomaldisorders.html du/biocourses/N100/2k2hu mancsomaldisorders.html

Karyotype of Down Syndrome

Dominant/Recessive Inheritance Alleles Every person inherits a pair of alleles for a particular characteristic from each parent What does it mean to be homozygous for a trait? Heterozygous? When person inherits contradictory alleles for a trait, which will be expressed, dominant or recessive? When person inherits 2 recessive alleles what will be expressed?

Genetic Abnormalities Defects transmitted by dominant or recessive inheritance Usually normal genes are dominant over genes carrying abnormal traits Sometimes gene for an abnormal trait is dominant Examples—Huntington’s Disease, achondroplasia (form of dwarfism) Recessive defects are expressed only if a child receives the same recessive abnormal gene from each parent Examples—sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease

Dominant Inheritance of a Disease--e.g., Huntington’s disease (brain disorder that affects ability to talk, think, move), achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism)

Recessive Inheritance of a Disease—e.g., Tay-Sachs disease (lack of enzyme to break down fatty waste in brain cells resulting in loss of motor and mental functions and eventually death), sickle cell anemia (abnormal hemoglobin that result in sickle shaped red blood cells that block small blood vessels resulting in anemia, jaundice, gallstones, pain, lung tissue damage, etc.)

Prenatal Assessment Amniocentesis Chorionic villi False positives False negatives

Stages of Childbirth First stage—usually the longest—12 hours or more, especially for first child What happens during the first stage of childbirth?

Second Stage of Labor Usually lasts up to one hour What is happening with the contractions? Where is the baby moving to? When does the second stage end? What happens if this stage goes on for too long?

Second Stage of Labor

Third Stage of Labor What is delivered during the third stage of labor? 5 to about 30 minutes

Methods of Delivery Vaginal Cesarean delivery Cesarean birth rates in U.S. are among highest in world When are cesarean births more likely to occur? Live birth: C-section surgery | Video | BabyCenter Live birth: C-section surgery | Video | BabyCenter

Birth Complications Breech Cross-wise position Anoxia – Position of baby – Cord is pinched, twisted – Placental abruption – Placenta previa Google Image Result for hics/images/en/19159.jpg Google Image Result for hics/images/en/19159.jpg

Newborns at Risk Preterm Low birth weight Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) Premature baby's first few minutes - NICU Team - YouTube Premature baby's first few minutes - NICU Team - YouTube

Medical and Behavioral Assessment Apgar Scale: 5 subtests, assessed 1 minute after and 5 minutes after delivery Newborn is rated 0, 1, or 2 on each measure: – A-- – P-- – G-- – A-- – R--

The Newborn Baby What is the neonatal period? Newborn—neonate—about 20 inches long, 71/2 lbs. Are boys or girls bigger? Are first borns or later borns bigger? Some features: Large head (1/4 the body length) Receding chin—why? Head may be misshapen—why? Why do babies have “soft spots” on their heads? What are they called? Pinkish cast—thin skin covering capillaries where blood flows What is the fuzzy prenatal hair that newborns have on their bodies called? What is the oily protection that babies are covered with when they are born? What purpose does it serve?