Ch.13 Review

Causes of Industrialization Civil War -encouraged production, expansion of railroads, etc. Natural Resources- lots of them! Growing Workforce -immigrants. Technology/Innovation-new inventions Government Policies- encouraged investment in businesses and technology.

Important People of the Late 1800s Thomas Edison- Invented new technology (electric lighting) Henry Bessemer- Developed Bessemer process (created strong, lightweight steel for use in railroads and construction.

Important People cont. Andrew Carnegie- Use of vertical integration influenced the rise of big business; urged business men to also be philanthropists. STEEL John D. Rockefeller- Use of horizontal integration (influenced the rise of big business) OIL

Important People cont. Samuel Gompers- Formed the AFL, influencing the rise of labor unions. Uriah Smith Stephens- founder of the Knights of Labor. Terence V. Powderly- took over leadership of the Knights of Labor- huge recruitment numbers

Important People cont. Eugene V. Debs- Challenged big business by orchestrating the Pullman Strike and helping to found the IWW

Terms to Know Monopolies Tariffs Patents Laissez-Faire Cartel Trusts

Terms to Know (cont.) Horizontal integration Vertical integration Capitalism “Captains of Industry” “Robber Barons” Corporation

Terms to Know (cont.) Bessemer Process Sweatshop Socialism Mass production Entrepreneur Company Town Collective Bargaining

Influential Labor Unions National Trades Union (1834)- First national union; open to workers of all trades. Knights of Labor (1869)- Sought general ideological reform; open to workers from all trades. Did not protest.

Influential Labor Unions cont. American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886)- Focused on specific workers’ issues; organization of skilled workers. Did stage protests. American Railway Union (1893)- First industrial union; open to all railway workers.

Important Government Polices of the late 1800s Protective tariffs- Congress enacted tariffs on imported goods to make them cost more than locally produced goods. Laissez-Faire Policies- The government allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation.

Government Policies cont. Subsidizing Railroads- The government gave railroad builders millions of acres of land. Strike Breaking- Government troops routinely helped break up strikes. The Pinkertons. Antiunion Actions- Courts used legislation like the Sherman Antitrust Act to order unions to stop disrupting free trade.

Strikes Haymarket Riot- riot amongst workers fighting for an 8 hr. work day. Knights of Labor fizzled out as a result. Homestead Strike- steel workers at Carnegie’s plant. Fighting against cut in wages. Pinkerton’s, army, militia’s called in to suppress the strike.

Strikes cont. Pullman Strike -railroad workers strike against wage decreases. Did tremendous damage to the railroad industry/economy. Fed. Gov’t begins to side with businesses (anti-unions) after this.

Focus Questions What factors spurred industrial growth in the late 1800s? How did new technologies shape industrialization?

Focus Questions What impact did industrialization have on Americans?

Section #1 Focus Question How did industrialization and new technology affect the economy and society?

Focus Questions What strategies did corporations use to decrease costs and increase profits?

Focus Questions What arguments did people use to support OR oppose big business? How did the federal government regulate business?

Section 2 Focus Question How did big business shape the American economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Focus Questions How did working conditions affect families? How did various labor unions differ in their goals?

Focus Questions Why did workers increasingly turn to the strike as a tactic to win labor gains?

Section 3 Focus Question How did the rise of labor unions shape relations among workers, big business, and government?

The BIG Question How did the industrial growth of the late 1800s shape American society and the economy?