Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter Ground Course) Lecture 15 R22 Flight Safety (SFAR) Pre-flight, Pre-start and Shut Down

Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter Ground Course) Lecture 16 Hangar visit Ground Demo: Pre-flight, Pre-start Written Assessment

L15 - RHC Safety Alert  Low G - Pushovers  Low RPM Rotor Blade Stall  Settling with power  Carburetor Ice  Power Lines  Night Flight + Bad Wx  Airplane Pilots High Risk RHC Safety Course Movie 16:50-19:00

L15 - Low G - Pushover (No Practice)  Tail rotor pushes ship to roll R  Pilot tend to control cyclic to L  Mast tilt to its limit  Stopper chop the mast  Cause mast bumping  Mast may come off in flight  Action to cure: Aft cyclic to reload then roll Left

L15 - Low RPM rotor stall (No Practice)  sound and light warning (<97%)  pilot raise collective worsen case  main rotor decay very fast  Blade stall fell or blow back  Cut off tail cone  Fall straight down  Action to cure: Roll throttle on then lower collective

L15 - Settling with power  Push down by own MR downwash  High descent rate and slow speed  <300 fps before <30 KIAS  lower descent rate before reduce speed  Action to cure: Fore /sideway cyclic to escape the MR downwash

L15 - Carburetor Icing (No Practice)  Latent heat drawn from vaporized fuel  Ice formed from water vapour around venturi tube  Causes: in (1) Cool temp or (2) high humidity and (3) when reduce power at/below 18” MP  Action to prevent: Apply Cab heat (1) before reduce to 18” MP (2) CAT enter yellow arc

L15 - Power Lines RHC Safety Course Movie 06:54-07:50  Avoid below 500 ft  Fly above the tower /pole  Look around

L15 - Night Flight and Bad Weather  No Heli flying without horizon ref  No actual IFR flying  Keep visual on horizon  avoid IMC  Action to follow just in case IMC: (1) Rely on attitude instrument flying (2) climb to safe altitude and (3) call assistance and look for VMC landing

L15 - Airplane Pilot flying attitude  Different airspeed concept  Stall recovery reflex reaction  Golden rule to avoid mishaps: Practice makes perfect /w CFIs

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 Yr 1979 - 1994 Total Engine Pilot Other 334 24 306 4 % 7% 92% 1% No. of R22 in op in 1980: 35 No. of R22 in op in 1994: 745 No. of R22 in op in 2004: (3700)

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 UK - 250 R22 only 2 in-flight breakup Japan - Use for tuna fishing, 110/month, No single breakup, low RPM, mast bumping Australia - Cattle mustering, few breakup of similar type

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 Primary Causes: (1) Wire strike (2) Low RPM blade stall (3) Continue enter IMC

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 In 1995 FAA suggestion to cure Low RPM blade stall - install a new rotor governor system - training pilots on throttle/collective control not relying on governor/ correlator

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 to cure Low RPM blade stall - Re-design the cyclic control so as more easy for each pilot to gain control - Remain unchanged use T-bar cyclic (1) New design heavier (2) More danger if leaning forward accidentally (3) Get use to old design by many pilots

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 Facts to note: (1) Number of R22 1980 1994 2002 35 745 3355 Av yr - 53 326 %> - 51 515

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 Facts to note: (2) Most surviving Low RPM cases - Backside of the power curve - Downwind approach - High density altitude

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22 Facts to note: (3) 30% of engine failure due to - Carb ice during practice auto

L15 - NTSB 90-2K Acc (Engine type) Year Total Recip Turbo Other 1990 233 132 (57%) 99 (42%) 2 (1%) 1991 198 122 (62%) 67 (34%) 9 (4%) 1992 211 116 (55%) 70 (33%) 25 (11%) 1993 183 94 (51%) 76 (42%) 13 (7%) 1994 220 100 (45%) 105 (48%) 15 (7%) 1995 164 84 (51%) 76 (46%) 4 (3%) 1996 181 77 (43%) 98 (54%) 6 (3%) 1997 174 82 (47%) 80 (46%) 12 (7%) 1998 203 103 (51%) 87 (43%) 13 (6%) 1999 213 80 (38%) 106 (50%) 27 (13%) 2000 231 81 (35%) 93 (40%) 57 (25%) Total 2211 1071 (48%) 957 (43%) 183 (8%)

L15 Emergency Procedures 1. Emergency locator transmitter 2. Emergency VHF frequency - 121.5 3. Transponder codes Emergency - 7700 Lost - 7600 Hijack - 7500

Emergency Location Transmitter

ELT

ELT

L15 Frequency & Transponder code Emergency - 121.5 MHz “May Day May Day May Day” “Pan Pan Pan” Transponder Emergency-7700 Lost- 7600 Hijack- 7500

Helicopter Safety Settling with Power – Gyroplane Settling with Power - CH47 Dynamic Roll over – B206 Nearly Roll over – R44

L16 R22 Preflight, Prestart & Shutdown Check