Water and Sanitation Aspects of Tsunami Recovery Mark Toy May 1, 2008

ICRC National Societies Federation International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement

Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement

International Services Mission International Services helps vulnerable people & communities around the world prevent, prepare for & respond to disasters, complex humanitarian emergencies & life-threatening health conditions.

“Core” International Services HumanitarianEmergencies Disaster Health Maternal & Child Health Response Preparedness InfectiousDiseases Promoting the Fundamental Principles & International Humanitarian Law throughout Restoring Family Links ArmedConflict Food Water & Sanitation PsychosocialSupport

International Services Finances Note: All costs except those covered by restricted donations are covered by tsunami interest in FY 2006.

“Fog” of International Disaster Response NGOs WFP NGOsMIL OCHA Geneva Humanitarian Coordinator AffectedPopulation Affected Government CMOC NGOs National Societies NGOs UNDAC MEDIA National Societies Humanitarian Coordinator Humanitarian Coordinator Donor Govt’s Ambassadors DART Host National Society IFRC UNICEF UNDP OSSOC HCR ICRC

International Disaster Response Vulnerability & Capacity Disaster Planning & Preparedness Disaster Response Disaster Strikes! Cash Relief Supplies International Response Teams Linking Relief to Development International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 183 National Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies ARC International Disaster Response

American Red Cross Tsunami Emergency Response  Emergency food assistance to over 1.6 M people  Vaccinations to 1.1 M children  Relief items: tents, sleeping mats, cooking sets & hygiene kits >400,000 people  Psycho-social support >100,000 people  Water & sanitation During the first 6 months:

Goal: Expedite community recovery & reduce chronic vulnerabilities Community Health & Disease Control Restoration & Rebuilding Disaster Preparedness Water & sanitation Psycho-social support Community & school-based health & nutrition Disease control In partnership with US non-governmental organizations (NGOs) & UN agencies, expand recovery & development in affected communities. Enhancing disaster preparedness & response capabilities Developing community disaster preparedness plans Restoring Family Links American Red Cross Tsunami Recovery Program

Total received 1 FY FY FY 2010 Emergency Response Community Health & Disease Control Community Restoration & Rebuilding Disaster Preparedness Direct Support Costs 3 Remaining funds to be programmed $569 M$110 M 19% $205 M 36% $122 M 21% $15 M 3% $27 M 5% $90 M 16% FY05 emergency response expenditures & projections for Tsunami Recovery FY as of 11/30/05; all totals are approximate. 2 Fiscal years (FY), July 1 - June 30 3 Per a Jan. 13, 2005 press release, direct support may represent up to 6% of total costs. Tsunami Recovery Update

Water and sanitation in Indonesia Over 100 million people in Indonesia lack access to safe water Only 2% access to sewerage in urban areas is one of the lowest in the world among middle- income countries. Women in Jakarta report spending US$ 11 per month on boiling water, implying a significant burden for the poor. Decentralized responsibility for WSS, but no funding. Annual investment in WSS US$2 per capita (2005 estimate)

Water and sanitation in Indonesia Diarrhea second leading killer of children under five in the country and accounts for about 20% of child deaths each year. Every year, at least 300 out of 1,000 Indonesians suffer from water-borne diseases The absence of an established sanitation network forces many households to rely upon private septic tanks or to dispose of their waste directly into rivers and canals. As of 2001, an estimated 90% of Jakarta's shallow wells were polluted by domestic waste. Source: Wikipedia

Watsan Challenges in Aceh One of least developed provinces because of 30 year civil war – distrust of Javanese Earthquake/tsunami further reduced professional class by 1/3 High water table exacerbated by earthquake Logistical difficulties (no road to Aceh Jaya, islands) Lack of local capacity – local standards (cesspit, leaky septic tanks, shallow well)

Watsan Challenges in Aceh Competition for staff, materials Housing construction not considering watsan Delays in securing land titles, easements Inconsistent approach by aid groups Integrating ‘hardware’ with ‘software’ Pressure to build vs. ‘demand-driven’ approach (relief vs. sustainable development) Sense of entitlement from emergency phase (cash for work)

American Red Cross challenges Risk averse culture Program design, scope Working through national societies Construction contracts Umbrella funding agency to UN, NGOs Bureaucratic method of decision making

American Red Cross challenges Lack of capacity at time of Tsunami –Lack of human resources support –Stretched again after Katrina (9/05) Time, scope constraints of funding ‘intent’ Tsunami program separate from rest of International Services –New staff –Lack of institutional memory –Little staff continuity from emergency phase

Water and Sanitation Program “Hardware” –Water supply –Sanitation “Software” –Hygiene promotion (PHAST) –Water and sanitation committees

Temporary Shelters Cited where land available Built quickly Short-term considerations Trucked water not sustainable Poor sanitation Lighting/security issues

Temporary Shelters Shelter needs – Indonesia - July 2005

Pulo Aceh British Red Cross shelter 4 villages About 250 houses Phased construction –Temporary shelters/watsan –Permanent facilities Spring supply – gravity fed, 4 km transmission

Aceh Jaya Major empasis for Red Cross Movement Most severe damage Difficult logistics District capital Calang – of pre-Tsunami population of 15,000, only 3,000 survived. In one neighborhood, only 18/2200 survived

High water table Normally high water table – coastal area Subsidence caused by earthquake –Drop of over one meter in some areas Poor draining soils in many areas Saltwater intrusion

Competition for staff, materials High competition for construction materials –Shelter –Infrastructure –Inflation twice that of rest of Indonesia –Katrina happened Sept Plastic pipe prices increased by 50%

Competition for staff, materials Lack of professional staff Lack of national staff with English language skills Reverse “brain drain” Transmigration Economic migrants using services meant for Tsunami victims

Housing independent of watsan Little consideration of site conditions –Reverse of normal land development –Poor site selection increased costs, difficulties of installing proper sanitation Agencies assigned areas Shelter construction often not contiguous Houses often built without provision of water, sanitation, electricity Needs of renters not addressed

Innovative techniques Shallow septic tanks Constructed wetlands Subsurface wetlands Separate black, gray water disposal Composting latrines Biofilters Rain Catchment Household water treatment

‘Lessons Learned’ Better continuity between emergency, recovery phases Shelter agencies must integrate water and sanitation when planning Coordination, not competition, between agencies Standardize levels of service for immediate response, recovery Be realistic about timeframe – cannot go beyond community capacity

Tsunami ‘Lessons Learned’ –Tsunami Evaluation Coalition ( evaluation.org/ ) evaluation.org/ –World Bank ( UNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEX TN/0,,contentMDK: ~menuPK: ~ pagePK: ~piPK: ~theSitePK: ,00.html ) UNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEX TN/0,,contentMDK: ~menuPK: ~ pagePK: ~piPK: ~theSitePK: ,00.html –Aidwatch ( a-idn-28feb.pdf) a-idn-28feb.pdf –American University Symposium May 2006 ( iumSummaryMay06CPBI-AU.pdfhttp:// iumSummaryMay06CPBI-AU.pdf