THE ENLIGHTENMENT

IMMANUEL KANT:  “Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!”

 Renaissance  Reformation  Scientific Revolution  Newton  Locke ORIGINS: Periods:

 Reason: Rational Thought  Secularism  Social Progress  Education of the Masses  Freedom and Liberty  Tolerance  Legal Reform CHARACTERISTICS:  Laws of Nature!

 Who where they?  Common bonds  Students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms. PHILOSOPHES:  Skepticism  Cultural Relativism

PHILOSOPHERS

 Advocated religious toleration  Deism: existence of a “mechanic” who had created the universe  World ran according to natural law VOLTAIRE:( )

► Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do. ► Judge a man by his questions rather than by his answers. ► Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference VOLTAIRE’S WISDOM ► It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. ► Love truth and pardon error. ► The way to become boring is to say everything. ► ► I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

 Attacks traditional religion  Advocates religious toleration  Denounces slavery  Focus: use of reason  “Natural Laws” governing society  Separation of powers Executive Legislative Judicial MONTESQUIEU: ( ) The Persian Letters: 1721 The Spirit of Laws: 1748

 Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains. ROUSSEAU: ( )

 Social Contract  General Will  Liberty: achieved by being forced to follow what was best for all people.  Freedom: adherence to laws one has imposed on oneself THE SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762  Principles of a Democracy

ADAM SMITH Economic Liberty: -Free trade -Laissez-faire -The Wealth of Nations: Law of Self- Interest -2. Law of Competition -3. Law of Supply and Demand

THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHES

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

PARISIAN SALON

MADAME GEOFFRIN’S SALON

THE SALON  Philosophes and guests engaged in conservations and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment  Run by wealthy women in urban areas  Reputation of salon depended upon the stature of males a hostess could attract  Females influence decision making and literary and artistic taste

 Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women: 1792 British Women obeying men same as monarchs have absolute power over their subjects Reason innate in all humans- women entitled to the same rights as men in education and political life ROLE OF WOMEN

 Attempts to summarize the state of knowledge  Freedom of thought and expression  Progress through knowledge DIDEROT

ENCYCLOPEDIA  First published 1751  28 Volumes  Illustrated  Cross-Referenced

Diderot’s Encyclopedie

ENCYCLOPEDIA

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