Who does research in Developing Countries ? AGED 4713 Spring 2003

M. Corro2 Why is Agricultural research important? Help to improve development economic growth poverty alleviation rural development improve management of natural resources Ag research is central for boosting productivity Better agriculture help to release labor for industrial employment

M. Corro3 Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries Federal Government: Ministry of Agriculture Agricultural Universities Private Sector: Non-governmental Organizations All known as National Agricultural Research System (NARS)

M. Corro4 What is NARS?  World Bank defined National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) as any national organization or institution which undertake agricultural research in developing countries

M. Corro5 Responsibility of NARS:  To conduct strategic, applied and adaptive research and on-farm trials to verify the effectiveness of new technology.research  To provide interactive link among extension services, the private sector, educational institutions, and government ministries.

M. Corro6 Relationship between IARC and NARS  IARC’s strengthening national agricultural research in developing countries  Enhancing working relationships with colleagues in national programs  Strengthening skills in research administration and management, and formal training programs for research staff.

M. Corro7 Advantages of NARS  Direct institutional /client linkages  Close proximity to farmer’s problems  Ability to collect field-level data relatively inexpensively  On-site staff and facilities  Effective conduit for communicating development strategy and policies to policy makers

M. Corro8 Types of NARS Publicly supported (centralized) Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) Endowed research institutes Agricultural Universities Private sector research institutes Non-governmental Organizations Multinational, regional research institutes

M. Corro9 Publicly supported (centralized)  Systems that are dependencies of, controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government.  Examples:  Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa)  Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)  Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)

M. Corro10 EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute  Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society.

Agricultural, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food Secretariat

M. Corro12 Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized )  Systems that channel federal, state, private sector, and producers (commodity associations) funding to semi-autonomous state level research and extension programs.  Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary, cross commodity programs  Research/extension linkage: close, assembling and adapting technology to producers’ needs.  Example:  Mexico: INIFAP

M. Corro13 Institutions supported by SAGARPA Semi-autonomous Teaching Research Extension

M. Corro14 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias  The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research

M. Corro15 Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized ) Funded by Federal State Producers in every state have a foundation (Fundacion Produce)

M. Corro16 Objectives  To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research  To promote applied research and technology transfer  To support research for sustainable natural resources management

M. Corro17 Researchers by Academic Degree 2002 Academic degreeNumber % Bachelor Master Doctorate Total 1185 * 100 * 6.3% are in Graduate College

M. Corro18 Distribution of researchers by area 2002 Area Number% Forestry14012 Crops76064 Livestock28524 Total

M. Corro19 8 Regional Research Centers (CIR) 81 Research Stations 6 National Centers

M. Corro20 Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs  108 Crops  Avocado  Beans  Barley  Cacao  Corn  Citrus  Chile  Coffee  Cotton  Mango  Rice  Soybean  Wheat Disciplinary areas Biotechnology Entomology Integrated resources Management Plant genetics Irrigation systems Rain fed land management Mechanization Biofertilization Corn Protein gene(opaco)

M. Corro21 Livestock Dairy Cattle Dual Purpose Sheep Goat Red deer Pig Poultry Honey Bee  Disciplinary programs  Animal health  Epidemiology  Parasitology  Microbiology  Nutrition  Reproduction  Genetics  Biothecnology Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs

M. Corro22 INIFAP Technology Transfer Program to Livestock producers  GGAVATT:

M. Corro23 Agricultural universities  Institutions of higher learning that provide undergraduate and graduate education and grant related degrees, conduct research, and distribute information to agricultural sector clientele.

M. Corro24 Agricultural universities  Autonomous, some semi-autonomous  Structure: Centralized  Funding sources: Public-federal and state  Nature of programs: education; some research and extension  Limited research  Limited extension linkages  Linkage with international/multinational programs

M. Corro25 Summary þ Importance of Agricultural research þ What is a NARS ? þ Relationship between IARC and NARS þ Types of NARS þ Examples of NARS þ Importance of IARC’s þ Types of Agricultural research

M. Corro26

M. Corro27 International Ag. Research Centers  The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research.  This includes:  Problems affecting agricultural productivity and links these problems to broader concerns  Poverty reduction,  Sustainable management of natural resources,  Protection of biodiversity  Rural development.

M. Corro28 Types of Agricultural Research  Basic  Strategic  Applied  Adaptive/on farm level

M. Corro29 Types of Agricultural Research Basic Research: is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term. Example: Gene research

M. Corro30 Types of Agricultural Research Strategic Research: is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? Example: Biotechnology Identifying new varieties

M. Corro31 Types of Agricultural Research  Applied Research: is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county.  Example: l Response to fertilization l Tillage Practices

M. Corro32 Types of Agricultural Research  Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm Example: Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice