Development of the Envelope Criteria Merle McBride, Ph.D., P.E Senior Research Associate Owens Corning ASHRAE Representative At Large Orlando, FL February 7, 2005

Agenda - Objective - Problem Statement - Background - Approach - Analysis - Results - Conclusions - Recommendations - Q & A

Objective Develop prescriptive criteria that will result in a 30% energy savings relative to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard

Problem Statement Include in Analysis: - Envelope - HVAC - O.A. Damper Controls - SWH - Interior Lighting Exclude from Analysis: - Exterior Lighting - Plug Loads (Office Equip. & Appliances)

Background 90.1 Development LCC Economics Classes of Construction Base Energy Usage –Climate Zones –Constructions –Size

Classes of Construction Roofs –Ins. Above Deck –Metal Building –Attic and Other Walls, Above Grade –Mass –Metal Building –Steel Framed –Wood Framed & Other Floors –Mass –Steel Joist –Wood Framed & Other Walls, Below Grade Slab –On-Grade –Unheated –Heated Opaque Doors –Swinging –Non-Swinging Fenestration (U, SHGC) –10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% Skylights (3% max.) –Curb, Glass –Curb, Plastic –No Curb

8 Climate Zones, 15 Cities

15 Cities

and SP102 8 Climate Zones, Counties Map

Approach Floor Area5,000 ft 2 20,000 ft 2 No. StoriesOneTwo RoofWood FramedIns. Above Deck WallsWood FramedMass FoundationUnheated SlabUnheated Slab WWR20% & 40%30% & 40%

Analysis Couple economics and energy savings Design of Experiment (DOE) Simplified Energy Regression Models –Heating, Cooling, SWH, Fans, AUX Iterative Solution Technique –30% Energy Savings by Climate Zone Merge 5,000 ft 2 and 20,000 ft 2

LCC Economics INCREMENTAL ENERGY SAVINGS > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (1) HEATING + COOLING > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (2) (U 1 –U 2 )*Hcoef*HDD65*P h *SR + (U 1 –U 2 )*Ccoef1*CDD50*P c *SR > FC 2 –FC 1 (3) Hcoef*HDD65*P h *SR + Ccoef1*CDD50*P c *SR > (FC 2 –FC 1 ) (4) (U 1 –U 2 ) (FC 2 –FC 1 ) = ΔFC/ΔU(5) (U 1 –U 2 ) [Hcoef*HDD65*P h + Ccoef1*CDD50*P c ]*SR > ΔFC/ΔU (6)

dFC/dU

Design of Experiment 5,000 ft2

DOE-2 Simulations

Heating Regression Equation HEATING = UoAo*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF) *ACH*VOLUME*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF) - WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*%HEAT/CF - WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*%HEAT/CF - WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*%HEAT/CF - WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*%HEAT/CF - (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*%HEAT - People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*%HEAT/CF %HEAT = HDD65/(HDD65+CDD50) where:

Heating 5,000 ft2

Cooling Regression Equation COOLING = UoAo*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF) *ACH*VOLUME*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF) + WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*(1 - %HEAT)/CF + WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*(1 - %HEAT)/CF + WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*(1 – %HEAT)/CF + WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*(1 – %HEAT)/CF + (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*(1 – %HEAT) + People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*(1 – %HEAT)/CF

Cooling 5,000 ft2

Fans FANS = INTERCEPT + (HDD65 + CDD50) + WWR + Ufen + PF + Ufen*WWR + Ufen*PF + (HDD65 + CDD50)*Ufen*PF*WWR

Fans 5,000 ft2

O.A. Damper Energy Savings 5,000 ft2 and 20,000 ft2

AUX 5,000 ft2

SWH 5,000 ft2

Regression Model Statistics

Scalar Ratio for 30% Savings Bin City 5,000ft 2 20,000ft 2 Criteria 1Miami Houston Memphis Albuquerque Boise Helena Duluth Fairbanks

Results - Tables of Prescriptive Criteria for 8 Climate Zones - Same Format as Roof – Surface reflectance/emittance (0.65 initial/0.86) - WWR – 20% to 40% max. - SHGC – North has separate criteria - Window Orientation – (Zones 1-5) - (A n *SHGC n + A s *SHGC s ) > (A e *SHGC e + A w *SHGC w ) - Exterior Sun Control – Projection Factors (Zones 1-5) - How-To-Use (EN1- to EN-42) - Appendix A (R-values and U-factors)

Conclusions - Collaborative Effort - Multiple Organizations - Many Individuals - Challenging - Rewarding

Recommendations Encourage Participation in Future Projects Accept the Challenge

Acknowledgements SP102 Members Bing Liu - PNNL Leonard Suharli - OC Doug Walden - OC