Types of Material IE 351 Lecture 3

Engineering Materials

Classification of Materials Metals Ceramics Polymers Composite Materials

Further Classification Metals Ferrous Non-ferrous Super alloys Ceramics Traditional ceramics New ceramics Glass

Further Classification Polymers Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers Composite Materials Metal Matrix Composites Ceramic Matrix Composites Polymer Matrix Composites

Metals Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals Cast irons Steels Aluminum and its alloys Copper and its alloys Magnesium and its alloys Nickel and its alloys Titanium and its alloys

Metals Ferrous Metals Superalloys Non-ferrous metals Cast irons Steels Iron-based Nickel-based Cobalt-based Non-ferrous metals Aluminum and its alloys Copper and its alloys Magnesium and its alloys Nickel and its alloys Titanium and its alloys Zinc and its alloys Lead & Tin Refractory metals Precious metals

Heat Treatment of Metals Annealing Full annealing Normalising (faster rate of cooling) Recovery annealing (longer holding time, slower rate of cooling,) Stress relieving (lower temperature) Martensite formation in steel Austenitizing (conversion to austenite) Quenching (control cooling rate Tempering (reduce brittleness)

Heat Treatment of Metals Precipitation hardening Solution treatment (-phase conversion) quenching precipitation treatment (aging) Surface hardening Carburizing Nitriding Carbonitriding Chromizing and Boronizing

Heat Treatment of Steel

Precipitation Hardening Solution treatment Quenching Precipitation treatment

Furnaces for Heat Treatment Fuel fire furnaces gas oil Electric furnaces batch furnaces box furnaces - door car-bottom furnaces - track for moving large parts bell-type furnaces - cover/bell lifted by gantry crane continuous furnaces

Furnaces for Heat Treatment Vacuum furnaces Salt-bath furnaces Fluidized-bed furnaces Some of the furnaces have special atmosphere requirements, such as carbon- and nitrogen- rich atmosphere.

Surface Hardening Methods Flame hardening Induction heating High-frequency resistance heating Electron beam heating Laser beam heating

Surface Hardening Methods Induction heating High frequency resistance heating

Ceramics Traditional ceramics New ceramics clays: kaolinite silica: quartz, sandstone alumina silicon carbide New ceramics oxide ceramics : alumina carbides : silicon carbide, titanium carbide, etc. nitrides : silicon nitride, boron nitiride, etc.

Glass ceramics - polycrystalline structure Glass products window glass containers light bulb glass laboratory glass glass fibers optical glass Glass ceramics - polycrystalline structure

Polymers Thermoplastics - reversible in phase by heating and cooling. Solid phase at room temperature and liquid phase at elevated temperature. Thermosets - irreversible in phase by heating and cooling. Change to liquid phase when heated, then follow with an irreversible exothermic chemical reaction. Remain in solid phase subsequently. Elastomers - Rubbers

Thermoplastics Acetals Acrylics - PMMA Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene - ABS Cellulosics Fluoropolymers - PTFE , Teflon Polyamides (PA) - Nylons, Kevlar Polysters - PET Polyethylene (PE) - HDPE, LDPE Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Thermosets Amino resins Epoxies Phenolics Polyesters Polyurethanes Silicones

Elastomers Natural rubber Synthetic rubbers butadiene rubber butyl rubber chloroprene rubber ethylene-propylene rubber isoprene rubber nitrile rubber polyurethanes silicones styrene-butadiene rubber thermoplastic elastomers

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) Composite Materials Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) Mixture of ceramics and metals reinforced by strong, high-stiffness fibers Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) Ceramics such as aluminum oxide and silicon carbide embedded with fibers for improved properties, especially high temperature applications. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) Thermosets or thermoplastics mixed with fiber reinforcement or powder.

Composite Materials 1D fibre Woven fabric Random fibre

Composite Materials

Material Selection Ashby,: Material Selection in Mechanical Design

Taxonomy of Materials Selection Ashby,: Material Selection in Mechanical Design

Material Specification Chemical composition Mechanical properties – Strength, hardness (under various conditions: temperature, humidity, pressure) Physical properties – density, optical, electrical, magnetic Environmental – green, recycling

Typical Selection of Carbon and Alloy Steels for Various Applications

Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon and Alloy Steels in Various Conditions

AISI Designation for High-Strength Sheet Steel

Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Applications of Annealed Stainless Steels

Basic Types of Tool and Die Steels

Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels