Warm-up: Development Vocabulary Write down key terms for each age range. Think of things like physical, emotional, intellectual growth & conflict at that age. First year 1 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 12 13 to 18 19 to 25 25 to 45 45 to 65 65 on

Developmental Psychology Defined the study of the age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death (physical, cognitive, social-emotional and moral development) Nature/Nurture Controversy The debate about how much of development results from heredity or environment Nature: argues our development is governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals Nurture: argues development occurs by learning through personal experience and observation of others

Study Methods Specific to Developmental Psychology Cross Sectional Studies observing subjects of varying ages at one moment in time Longitudinal observing subjects of the same age at varying times across their lifespan Cohort Sequential observing subjects of varying ages across varying times across their lifespan

Genetics 23 pairs chromosomes Dominant vs. Recessive Genotype (Bb) vs. Phenotype (Brown) Homogenous (bb or BB) vs. Heterogeneous Male XY, Female XX Down syndrome: extra chromosome There are abnormalities (XXY, XYY, XXX, XO): studies on behavioral differences

Prenatal Development Zygote: conception to two weeks of gestation- placenta, teratogens Embryo: from two to nine weeks of gestation- vulnerable, miscarriages Fetus: from nine weeks to birth Age of Viability: the age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb (about 24 weeks)

Infant senses Hearing, smell, taste, sight Memory- age 3, but... Reflexes: Blink, Moro, palmer, rooting Motor development Maturation- genetically programmed biological plan Proximodistal- Torso out Cephalocaudal- Head down

Landmarks of Motor Dev. diagram

Childhood- Physical Development Perception Visual Acuity Depth Perception-visual cliff Motor-Large Muscle Development Milestone development head support rolls over sits up standing walking

Harlow’s Monkey Study: Contact comfort Attachment Studies done by Harlow Found infant monkeys would seek comfort from terry cloth mothers even if they were not fed by them

Attachment Mary Ainsworth: study on attachment: “strange situation”  Separation anxiety (peaks at 13 months) Secure Attachment Anxious-Ambivalent or Resistant Attachment Avoidant Attachment Effects of poor attachment…

Temperament Easy (40%) Adaptable Difficult (10%) Slow-to-warm-up infants (15%) Average (35%) 70% of difficult infants develop behavior problems 18% of the easy infants develop behavior problems

Parenting style Authoritarian: rules and obedience Permissive: few demands, little punishment Authoritative: demanding but responsive Authoritative seems to be best approach, but research is correlational.

Adolescence Pubescence: two years before puberty Secondary sex characteristics Puberty: Males- sperm production 14, maturation 18 Females- menarche 12.5, maturation 16 Early puberty affects on gender

Adolescence Emotional Development Erikson- search for identity Physical beginnings of adulthood to independence Physiological Changes Puberty: stage when sexual functions reach maturity, generally considered to be the mark of the beginning of adolescence Growth Spurt: earlier in girls, maturation Maturation of secondary sex characteristics

Gender development Carol Gilligan: girls moral decisions “care perspective” Females are more “interdependent” Most difference are attributed to gender roles in society. Men do seem to have slightly better spatial skills, women verbal and fine motor skills

Issues in Adulthood Psychosocial Development Physical Changes/Aging Erikson- intimacy, generativity, and integrity Physical Changes/Aging appearance hormones sensory sensitivity Cognitive Changes longitudinal vs. cross sectional crystallized vs. fluid recall vs. recognition

Physical Aging Diagram

Memory & Aging Diagram

Stage Theorists in Development Erikson: Psychosocial Development Freud: Psychosexual Development (will study next chapter) Piaget: Cognitive Development Kohlberg: Moral Development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Trained as a Freudian Psychoanalyst One of the first theorists that looked at development through the lifespan Came up with stages relating to the social conflict Did feel early experiences leave a permanent mark, but did not focus on unconscious.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3) Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

Erikson’s Stages Diagram

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Sensori-motor: object permanence Preoperational: symbolize, language, imitation, egocentric, irreversibility, developing conservation Concrete operations: can decenter and reverse, mastered conservation, have trouble with hypothetical Formal operations: abstract, logic and systematic thinking

Piaget’s Terms for Thinking Schema: basic thought structure Assimilation: Error in applying a schema to a new situation (all 4 legged animals= dog, all male adults= dad) Accommodation: Changing schemas based on experience or understanding

Piaget’s Stages Diagram

Kohlberg’s Moral Development In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2000, ten times what the drug cost to make. The husband went to everyone to borrow money, but he could only get half together. He asked the druggist to sell it cheaper or let him pay later, and was told “no.” The husband broke into the man’s store and stole the drug. Was this morally right? Why?

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Diagram