Bell ringer – class discussion What type of parents do we have? 1

2 Child-Rearing Practices PracticeDescription Authoritarian Parents impose rules and expect obedience. Permissive Parents submit to children’s demands. Authoritative Parents are demanding but responsive to their children.

Writing Assignment – 15 minutes free write – must be in complete sentences and paragraph form Referencing the three parenting styles: which type of parenting style have your parents used? Has it been good/bad? What if you could get them to change their style, would you and to what? If not, why? If/when you have a child, which type of parenting style do you hope to employ? 3

4 Adolescence Many psychologists once believed that our traits were set during childhood. Today psychologists believe that development is a lifelong process. Adolescence is defined as a life between childhood and adulthood. AP Photo/ Jeff Chiu

Puberty - K-W-L Create a three column chart labled K-W-L K – What do you Know about puberty? W- What do you Want to know about puberty? L- What did you Learn about puberty? 5

Bell Ringer – What did you learn from “Puberty Before Age 10: A New ‘Normal’?” – NY Times Article? What is the main idea of the article? –“Precocious” puberty isn’t necessarily abnormal but girls are beginning to show signs of puberty earlier and earlier. What findings were published in the Herman- Giddens’s study? –Out of 17,000 girls – average “precocious” puberty in white girls began at age 10 –Average “precocious” puberty in black girls is 9 6

What criticism was there of the Herman-Giddens’s study? –The girls studied were primarily from medical facilities (not random) at or around the same area In August 2010, another study was conducted in CA, OH, and NY. Why would this study be considered more accurate? –The girls studied were from different regions of the country (East, Midwest, West) What were the findings of this new study? –By age 7 – 10% white, 23% black, 15% Hispanic, and 2% Asian started showing signs of “precocious” puberty 7

According to experts, what are contributing factors to “precocious” puberty? –Overweight – more weight means higher levels of the hormone leptin – higher estrogen levels – resist insulin – which burns fat – vicious cycle that leads to “precocious” puberty –Exposure to environmental chemicals – unethical to test on humans – can identify accidental exposure – eating meat/drinking milk from inadvertently exposed cows – Introduction of BPA – from common household items (hard plastic, paper, etc…) –Family stress – girls in father-less house have a greater chance of starting puberty earlier - also presence of step- father can have a similar effect – divorce – parental deviant behavior – “if life is hard – best to mature young” 8

What effect does “precocious” puberty have on girls? –Social Problems – developing before peers can lead to low self-esteem, depression, more eating disorders –More likely to display high-risk behaviors - Begin drinking earlier and become more sexually active – lose virginity earlier 9 How have some mothers tried to delay puberty in their daughters? -Exercise with their daughters, cut out food/beverages with hormones -Treat their daughters normally, addressing their mental, emotional, and physical health

10 Physical Development Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males.

11 Primary Sexual Characteristics During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly. Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works

12 Secondary Sexual Characteristics Also secondary sexual characteristics—the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes.

13 Brain Development Until puberty, neurons increase their connections. However, at adolescence, selective pruning of the neurons begins. Unused neuronal connections are lost to make other pathways more efficient.

14 Frontal Cortex During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness.

15 Cognitive Development Adolescents’ ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In particular, they may think about the following: 1.Their own thinking. 2.What others are thinking. 3.What others are thinking about them. 4.How ideals can be reached. They criticize society, parents, and even themselves.

16 Developing Reasoning Power According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal operations. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and justice, and think about God in deeper terms. William Thomas Cain/ Getty Images AP/Wide World Photos

Morality Scenerio Heinz is married to Gretchen. Gretchen is very sick. There is only one medication that the doctors think will help save Gretchen’s life. Because it is experimental and very expensive, the insurance company won’t pay for it. Heinz can only come up with half of the cost and ask the druggist to sell it for a lower price and allow Heinz to pay the rest later. The druggist who discovered the drug won’t lower the price for Heinz, saying “I discovered the drug, I am going to make money from it.” Heinz loves Gretchen very much so he broke into the drug store to steal the drug for his wife. 17

Morality Scenerio 1.What should Heinz have done? 2.Why do you think he did what he did? 3.What would be reasons not to break into the drug store? 18

19 Developing Morality Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development. AP Photo/ Dave Martin

20 Moral Thinking 1.Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. 2.Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. 3.Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning, analyze Heinz Preconventional Morality Avoids Punishment: Gretchen’s family will be mad at him Gains Rewards: Gretchen lives Heinz has company She makes him delicious meals Conventional Morality Gains approval / avoids disapproval: He saved Gretchen’s life What would people think of him if he let her die Does duty to support society / avoids dishonor or guilt: He made marriage vows to protect his wife 21 Affirms agreed-upon rights: Everyone agrees that people have the right to live Abstract, autonomous moral principal: Saving a life is more important then following the law Postconvential Morality

Other moral dilemmas Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Preconventional Morality –Avoids punishment –Gains Rewards Conventional Morality –Gains approval/Avoids disapproval –Duty to society/Avoids dishonor or guilt Postconventional Morality –Affirms agreed-upon rights –Abstract, autonomous moral principle Copying a homework assignment Cheating on a test Driving over the speed limit Student supplied dilemma: 22

23 Moral Feeling Moral feeling is more than moral thinking. When posed with simulated moral dilemmas, the brain’s emotional areas only light up when the nature of the dilemmas is emotion-driven. Moral Action Moral action involves doing the right thing. People who engage in doing the right thing develop empathy for others and the self- discipline to resist their own impulses.

Bell Ringer – Due in 5 minutes What are the three stages in Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning? Identify one example for each stage using the following scenario. Stealing food to feed your hungry child. 24

Homework – Pg. 170 in text Explain each stage in Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development What are the two outcomes in each stage? 25

26 Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

27 Forming an Identity In Western cultures, many adolescents try out different selves before settling into a consistent and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships. Leland Bobble/ Getty Images Matthias Clamer/ Getty Images

28 Parent and Peer Influence Although teens become independent of their parents as they grow older, they nevertheless relate to their parents on a number of things, including religiosity and career choices. Peer approval and relationships are also very important.

Lynds Alwin Bernt Bernt (1929) (1978) (1989) (1997) Frankness/honesty Desire to make a name for one’s self Concentration Social mindedness Strict obedience Appreciation of art, music Economy in money matters Loyalty to the church Knowledge of sexual hygiene Tolerance of others Curiosity Patriotism Good manners Independence Academic Achievement Willingness to work hard

30 Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood spans ages During this time, young adults may live with their parents and attend college or work. On average, emerging adults marry in their mid-twenties. Ariel Skelley/ Corbis

31 Adulthood Although adulthood begins sometime after a person’s mid- twenties, defining adulthood into stages is more difficult than defining stages during childhood or adolescence. Rick Doyle/ Corbis

32 Physical Development The peak of physical performance occurs around 20 years of age, after which it declines imperceptibly for most of us. Unless you are Mr. Guarnieri – he is in peak physical performance now

33 Middle Adulthood Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties. Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility. Willie Mays batting performance. Bettman/ Corbis

34 Old Age: Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth increased from 49% in 1950 to 67% in 2004 and to 80% in developed countries. Women outlive men and outnumber them at most ages. – Around 80% of people 100 or older are women Gorges Gobet/ AP Photo

35 Old Age: Sensory Abilities After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks. Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

36 Old Age: Motor Abilities At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year-old is no match for a 20-year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.

37 Dementia – Mental Deterioration With increasing age, the risk of dementia also increases. Dementia is not a normal part of growing old. Alan Oddie/ PhotoEdit

38 Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease also increases with age. Individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than do normal individuals of the same age. At risk Alzheimer Normal Susan Bookheimer

39 Aging and Memory As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult.

40 Aging and Memory Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. The same is true for prospective memory (remember to …). David Myers

41 Aging and Intelligence Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not.

42 Adulthood’s Commitments Love and work are defining themes in adult life. Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value. Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation. JLP/ Jose Pelaez/ zefa/ Corbis

43 Adulthood’s Commitments Happiness stems from working in a job that fits your interests and provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment. Charles Harbutt/ Actuality

44 Successful Aging

45 Death and Dying There is no “normal” reaction or series of grief stages after the death of a loved one. Grief is more sudden if death occurs unexpectedly. People who reach a sense of integrity in life (in Erikson’s terms) see life as meaningful and worthwhile. Chris Steele-Perkins/ Magnum Photos