Psychoanalytic Approach Developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind Sex was such a taboo that it may have caused Freud to become fixated on the subject and leading him to make it the root cause of neurosis Keywords: psychoanalytic approach, unconscious motivation Graphics: picture of Freud pg. 420 Myers

Psychoanalytic Approach Ego Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Conscious Information in your immediate awareness Superego Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality Preconscious Information which can easily be made conscious Unconscious Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness Id Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality

Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Id - instinctual drives present at birth resides in the unconscious born with primal urges does not distinguish between reality and fantasy operates according to the pleasure principle Primary process attempt to achieve gratification (reduce internal tensions) fantasies and dreams Keywords: id Graphics: fig. 11.1 pg. 475 Hockenbury

Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Ego - develops out of the id in infancy understands reality and logic created to satisfy the Id but within societal norms mediator between id and superego executive of the personality operates according to the reality principle resides mostly in the conscious Secondary Process Ego attempts to reduce tensions of the Id within society’s norms in attempt to release pent up energy

Psychoanalytic- Divisions of the Mind Superego internalization of society’s moral standards created by society responsible for guilt and uses guilt to attain goals operates according to the moral principle resides mostly in the unconscious

Psychosexual Stages Libido Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone (sensitive) Libido Energy (Sexual) Fixation - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages –stuck in a stage Keywords: fixation

Oral Stage (birth - 1 year) Mouth is associated with pleasure from breast feeding/bottles Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood Smokers, drinkers, nail biters, lollipop suckers excessive eating & talking, chewing pencils and eating ice cubes Optimism Overindulged- optimistic dependent Pessimism Frustrated – pessimistic aggressive Keywords: oral stage

Anal Stage (1 - 3 years) Associated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood Anal Retentive Neat, orderly, organized, careful, hoarding, precise, prompt, withholding, passive-aggressive, stingy and stubborn Anal Expulsive Messy, disorderly, disorganized, careless, wasteful, extravagant, reckless, tardy, defiant, aggressive and stubborn Keywords: anal stage

Phallic Stage (3 - 5 years) Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals Oedipus or Electra complex can occur Desire for the opposite sex parent Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females Keywords: phallic stage, Oedipus complex, Electra complex

Latency Stage (5 - puberty) Sexuality is repressed Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships Girls/Boys have cooties Some believe that since there is no sexual expression in this stage then it is not really a psychosexual stage Keywords: latency stage

Genital Stage (puberty on) Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages Keywords: genital stage

Defense Mechanisms Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety Keywords: defense mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms Denial – refusing to accept realities that are too painful Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society Fantasy – Unconsciously dreaming up false realities Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite Keywords: repression, reaction formation

Defense Mechanisms Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind Para praxes – Freudian slip; a compromise between desire & defense Keywords: displacement, sublimation

Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories: neo-Freudians Carl Jung’s collective unconscious (inherited experiences), introversion, extraversion Alfred Adler’s individual psychology Karen Horney’s focus on security Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development Keywords: Karen Horney, object relations theories, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung Graphics: pics. of Horney pg. 484, Adler pg. 485 of Hockenbury, pic. of Jung pg. 425 Hockenbury, pic. of Erikson pg.407 Hockenbury

Carl Jung Division of Personality Conscious Ego Personal Unconscious Perceptions, thoughts and feelings Personal Unconscious Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s unconscious Collective Unconscious Ancestral memories Archetypes: Inherited, general tendencies passed on from ancestors Universal across cultures Types Hero- good, courageous, noble Mother- kind, caring and supportive Animus- male side of the personality Anima– female side of the personality Persona- mask to protect ego

Alfred Adler emphasized social influence on personality development (disagreed with sexual motivations) childhood feelings of inferiority Striving for superiority Failure to overcome physical weakness creates an inferiority complex Fixation on inadequacies

Karen Horney First feminist voice in psychoanalytical theory Basic anxiety Anything that disturbs the security of the child in relation to its parents produce anxiety Mother creates neurotic tendency in children Womb Envy Mothers have a stronger connection with their children and fathers are envious