Warm Up 1. Why was Harlow’s monkey study so important? 1. Why was Harlow’s monkey study so important? 2. What’s the difference between an insecure and securely attached child? 2. What’s the difference between an insecure and securely attached child? 3. What is the “best” type of parenting and why? 3. What is the “best” type of parenting and why?

Chapter 4 pt. 2: Developmental Psychology

Adolescence Adolescence Adolescence the transition period from childhood to adulthood the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence extending from puberty to independence Puberty Puberty the period of sexual maturation the period of sexual maturation when one first becomes capable of reproduction when one first becomes capable of reproduction Female 11 Female 11 Male 13 Male 13

Development of Sex Characteristics Primary Sex Characteristics Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ovaries- female ovaries- female testes- male testes- male external genitalia external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristics female- enlarged breast, hips female- enlarged breast, hips male- voice quality, body hair male- voice quality, body hair

Puberty’s Landmarks For Women it is the emergence of the Menarche: the first menstrual period when becoming a women which usually occurs by about age 13 For Women it is the emergence of the Menarche: the first menstrual period when becoming a women which usually occurs by about age 13 For Men it is the first ejaculation which usually occurs by the age of 14 usually in the form of a nocturnal emission. For Men it is the first ejaculation which usually occurs by the age of 14 usually in the form of a nocturnal emission. Spermarche Spermarche

Body Changes and Puberty

Psychological/Social Effects of Puberty What is the usual result of early maturation in boys? What is the usual result of early maturation in boys? Tend to be more popular Tend to be more popular More Self- assured More Self- assured More Independent More Independent Increased chance of alcohol use Increased chance of alcohol use Increased chance of premature sex Increased chance of premature sex What is the usual result of early maturation in girls? What is the usual result of early maturation in girls? Teasing Teasing Sexual harassment Sexual harassment

Interval Between Menarche and Marriage Year Interval Year Interval Age 1890, Women 1995, Women Possible Causes?

Brain Development and Puberty Selective pruning gets rid of unconnected brain cells Selective pruning gets rid of unconnected brain cells Frontal lobe develops slower than the limbic system Frontal lobe develops slower than the limbic system Impulsiveness Impulsiveness Risky behavior Risky behavior Formal Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Moral and logical reasoning Moral and logical reasoning

Moral Development and Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg built on the ideas of Piaget and believed that cognitive development was connected to moral reasoning. Lawrence Kohlberg built on the ideas of Piaget and believed that cognitive development was connected to moral reasoning. Created Series of Stages he believed individuals went through. Created Series of Stages he believed individuals went through.

Know This Chart As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world. As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world. Individuals move up the ladder as they develop cognitively. Individuals move up the ladder as they develop cognitively. Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Postconventional level Conventional level Preconventional level

First Rung: Preconventional Reasoning (Children to Age 9) Characterizations of the Preconventional Level: Characterizations of the Preconventional Level: Focused on Obedience and Punishment---I can’t do this because “I will get in trouble” or because “Mom Said So.” Focused on Obedience and Punishment---I can’t do this because “I will get in trouble” or because “Mom Said So.” Also focused on self-interest. “Whats in It For Me?” “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.” Also focused on self-interest. “Whats in It For Me?” “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”

Second Rung: Conventional Reasoning (Adolescence) Focuses on seeking approval from other people. Want to complete actions of a “good boy/good girl.” Evaluates morality in terms of consequences on relationships. Focuses on seeking approval from other people. Want to complete actions of a “good boy/good girl.” Evaluates morality in terms of consequences on relationships. Later focuses on importance of law and order. Something is wrong because “it is against the law.” Later focuses on importance of law and order. Something is wrong because “it is against the law.”

Third Rung: Post Conventional Reasoning (Adulthood) Focus on social contracts and principles like human rights and social justice. Focus on social contracts and principles like human rights and social justice. Eventually focus on universal abstract principles. “Right to life.” Laws that are unjust can be broken. Eventually focus on universal abstract principles. “Right to life.” Laws that are unjust can be broken. Imagining oneself in everyone else’s shoes. Imagining oneself in everyone else’s shoes.

Erik Erikson and Psychosocial development Erikson argued that as people developed they inevitably had to deal with psychological and social conflicts along with different roles as they aged. Argued everyone experiences universal “identity crises” Erikson argued that as people developed they inevitably had to deal with psychological and social conflicts along with different roles as they aged. Argued everyone experiences universal “identity crises” One’s identity or sense of self was effected by how one deals with each conflict in their life. One’s identity or sense of self was effected by how one deals with each conflict in their life.

Know Erikson’s Chart Approximate ageStage Description of Task InfancyTrust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. ToddlerAutonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year)and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. PreschoolerInitiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. ElementaryCompetence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years-inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.

Know Erikson’s Chart Approximate age StageDescription of Task Adolescence Identity vs. roleTeenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusiontesting roles and then integrating them to 20’s)form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs.Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs.When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60’s and despairadult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure.

Adolescence and Identity Conflicts become more intense between adolescence and parents as they search for identity. Conflicts become more intense between adolescence and parents as they search for identity. 100% to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in years Percent with positive, warm interaction with parents

Adulthood and Intimacy Following Adolescent’s search for identity, young adults look to establish intimacy: ability to establish close, loving relationships. Following Adolescent’s search for identity, young adults look to establish intimacy: ability to establish close, loving relationships. How are boys different from girls in terms of social connectedness? How are boys different from girls in terms of social connectedness? Boys Vs. Girls- boys want to be more independent and are less concerned with “making connectedness” Boys Vs. Girls- boys want to be more independent and are less concerned with “making connectedness” Men vs. Women- women tend to be more interdependent and use conversation to build relationships and emphasis caring. Men care more about freedom and self reliance. Men vs. Women- women tend to be more interdependent and use conversation to build relationships and emphasis caring. Men care more about freedom and self reliance.

Adulthood and Physical Changes Menopause in Women Menopause in Women the time of natural cessation of menstruation the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines No equivalence to menopause in men. No equivalence to menopause in men.

Aging and Reaction Times Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older. Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older and over Fatal accident rate Age Fatal accidents per 10,000 drivers Fatal accidents per 100 million miles

Aging and Cognitive Changes Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990). Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990) Age group Percent of names recalled After one introductions After two introductions Older age groups have poorer performance After three introductions

Aging and Cognitive Changes In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. Number Of words remembered Age in years Number of words recalled declines with age Number of words recognized is stable with age

Aging Sucks Because……. More prone to illness More prone to illness ¼ live in nursing homes ¼ live in nursing homes Brain neurons die Brain neurons die Recognition memory decreases Recognition memory decreases After age 65 life satisfaction decreases After age 65 life satisfaction decreases Muscle strength decreases Muscle strength decreases Visual sharpness, hearing, smell and taste all decrease Visual sharpness, hearing, smell and taste all decrease Neural processing decreases Neural processing decreases Brain Atrophy sets in Brain Atrophy sets in If you remain active you can retain many of these things If you remain active you can retain many of these things

Physical Deterioration Alzheimer’s Disease: Alzheimer’s Disease: a progressive and irreversible brain disorder a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning Linked to Linked to acetylcholine neurotransmitter

Alzheimer’s Disease

Aging and Intelligence Results comparing intelligence scores and age have produced different results depending on the type of study but in general one’s crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age while one’s fluid intelligence decreases with age. Results comparing intelligence scores and age have produced different results depending on the type of study but in general one’s crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age while one’s fluid intelligence decreases with age. Crystallized Intelligence: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills…ex: history facts, words, etc. Crystallized Intelligence: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills…ex: history facts, words, etc. Fluid Intelligence: ability to reason speedily and abstractly….ex: puzzles, logic games. Fluid Intelligence: ability to reason speedily and abstractly….ex: puzzles, logic games.

Different Types of Studies Cross-Sectional Study Cross-Sectional Study a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another Longitudinal Study Longitudinal Study a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period Age in years Reasoning ability score Cross-sectional method Longitudinal method Cross-sectional method suggests decline Longitudinal method suggests more stability

Adulthood Social Changes Social Clock Social Clock the culturally preferred timing of social events the culturally preferred timing of social events marriage marriage parenthood parenthood retirement retirement

Adulthood and Satisfaction with Life Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990). Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990) Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole Age group

Old Age according to Freud healthy adults are ones that can love and work healthy adults are ones that can love and work

Love Marriage is more likely to work if the people are older than 20 and well educated Marriage is more likely to work if the people are older than 20 and well educated 62% of couples support “ living together with someone to test the relationship” 62% of couples support “ living together with someone to test the relationship” Positive Correlation between living together and divorce rates Positive Correlation between living together and divorce rates 9 out of 10 men marry 9 out of 10 men marry 75% of divorcees remarry 75% of divorcees remarry

Work During the first 2 years of college most students can’t predict their careers During the first 2 years of college most students can’t predict their careers

Death and Dying The greatest loss is typically your spouse The greatest loss is typically your spouse Reactions to death vary greatly Reactions to death vary greatly