States of Consciousness

Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments

Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

Sleep and Dreams  Measuring sleep activity

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Alpha Waves  slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4, ,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep  Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks  Sleep Apnea  temporary cessation of breathing  momentary re-awakenings

Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal-- appearance of being terrified Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

Dreams: Freud  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  discontinuities  incongruities  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

Dreams  As Information Processing  helps facilitate memories  REM Rebound  REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

Early Beliefs Dreams were believed to be omens from God or the gods Sigmund Freud Dreams are the Royal Road to the unconscious and a place for Wish fulfillment. Carl Jung Dreams are an expression of the personal unconscious through the archetypes of the collective unconscious. Alfred Adler Dreams were a way of addressing our insecurities. In a dream we can safely face things that would otherwise scare us. Calvin Hall Dreams contain maps which the dreamer follows to anticipate difficulties and obstacles. He also thought that meaningful predictions can be made about the dreamer's behavior and lifestyle Edgar Cayce Through dreaming, people are given access to their spirit, and further, that all possible questions could be answered from the inner consciousness given the proper awareness Ann Faraday Dreams are warnings of something about to happen Allan Hobson / Robert McCarley Dreaming is a simple and unimportant by-product of random stimulation of brain cells activated during REM sleep. Francis Crick/ Mitchinson Dreaming is like a computer in that it was "off-line" during dreaming. During this phase, the brain supposedly sifts through information gathered throughout the day and throws out all unwanted material.computer

Sleep Across the Lifespan

Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

Hypnosis  Unhypnotized persons can also do this

Hypnosis  Orne & Evans (1965)  control group instructed to “pretend”  unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

Hypnosis  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Hypnosis  Dissociation  a split in consciousness  allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others  Hidden Observer  Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

Explaining Hypnosis

Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Near-Death Experiences  Dualism  the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact  Monism  the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug

Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

Psychoactive Drugs  Depressants  drugs that reduce neural activity  slow body functions  alcohol, barbiturates, opiates  Stimulants  drugs that excite neural activity  speed up body functions  caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens  psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input  LSD

Psychoactive Drugs  Barbiturates  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs  Opiates  opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)  opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs  Amphetamines  drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded- up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs  Ecstasy (MDMA)  synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen  both short-term and long-term health risks  THC  the major active ingredient in marijuana  triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Psychoactive Drugs  LSD  lysergic acid diethylamide  a powerful hallucinogenic drug  also known as acid

Psychoactive Drugs

Trends in Drug Use 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 80% High school seniors reporting drug use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine

Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana