Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

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Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems Lever- rigid bar; free to turn about fixed point ex. bone a. Fulcrum- fixed point; ^ ex. joint b. Load- resistance moved; L ex. part of body c. Force- pull from contraction; F ex. muscle

Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems Mechanical advantage Figure 10.2a

Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems Mechanical disadvantage Figure 10.2b

Lever Relationships Effort farther than load from fulcrum equals mechanical advantage Effort nearer than load to fulcrum equals mechanical disadvantage

Lever Systems: Classes a. 1st Class- Fulcrum between Load & Force; seesaw; stability Ex. Head tilt b. 2nd Class- Load between Fulcrum & Force; wheelbarrow; lift Ex. Raising body with toes c. 3rd Class- Force between Fulcrum & Load; shovel; rapid mov’t Ex. Flex forearm

Lever Systems: Classes Figure 10.3a

Lever Systems: Classes Figure 10.3b

Lever Systems: Classes Figure 10.3c

In this example the weight is situated between the force and the fulcrum In this example the force is located between the weight and the fulcrum In this case the fulcrum is located between the force and weight

Machines of the Body

Prime movers and synergist muscles

Agonist and antagonist muscles

Apart from assisting in locomotion does the muscular system play any other role? Posture; this includes the erector spinae muscles and the muscles of the trunk.

Salient points • Muscle groups are classified upon the the arrangement of the muscles fibres, this provides a wide range of muscle types. • The origin of the muscle is that attachment at which the bone is stationary • The insertion of the muscle is at that attachment where the bone is moving • Muscle can have several different roles; they can be agonists, antagonists and synergists • Not all muscles are involved in locomotion, they also enable other important bodily functions, for example, respiration, provide movement for the eye, assist in swallowing and speech

Major Skeletal Muscles: Anterior View The 40 superficial muscles here are divided into 12 regional areas of the body Figure 10.4b

Major Skeletal Muscles: Posterior View The 27 superficial muscles here are divided into seven regional areas of the body Figure 10.5b

Origin Insertion

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