Chapter 8 Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Cell Reproduction Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes Section 2 Cell Division Section 3 Meiosis

Chapter 8 Objectives Section 1 Chromosomes Describe the structure of a chromosome. Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes. Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species. Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes. Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.

Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called _________________ to help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes.

Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure, continued Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure, continued Chromosomes in _____________________ are simpler in structure than chromosomes in ________________.

Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell.

Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms

Chromosome Numbers, continued Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers, continued Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes Sex chromosomes are All of the other chromosomes in an organism are _______________________.

Chromosome Numbers, continued Section 1 Chromosomes Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers, continued Diploid and Haploid Cells Cells having two sets of chromosomes are _______________________. _____________________ cells (1n) have only one set of chromosomes.

Chapter 8 Objectives Section 2 Cell Division Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes. Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes. Summarize the events of interphase. Describe the stages of mitosis. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells. Explain how cell division is controlled.

Cell Division in Prokaryotes Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes Cell division is the

Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued Binary fission is the process of cell division in prokaryotes.

Cell Division in Eukaryotes Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Eukaryotes Cell Cycle The cell cycle is the The cell cycle consists of ___________________ and _______________________. Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear division, called __________________, and the division of cytoplasm, called _________________.

Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued Interphase Interphase consists of

Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis Mitosis is divided into stages: Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis Mitosis is divided into stages: Mitosis results in

Stages of Mitosis Prophase – The nucleus and nuclear membrane Centrisomes – In animal cells these contain ________________. These move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Stages of Mitosis Spindle Fibers made of microtubles radiate from the centrosomes (mitotic spindle). Two types of spindle fibers: 1. Kinetochore Fibers – 2. Polar Fibers –

Stages of Mitosis Metaphase – Chromosomes are easier to identify during metaphase. Karyotypes are typically made from chromosomes in metaphase.

Stages of Mitosis Anaphase – After the chromatids are separated, they are considered individual chromosomes.

Stages of Mitosis Telophase – Spindle fibers disassemble. Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin state. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform in the newly forming cells.

Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis

Chapter 8 Cytokinesis During cytokinesis in animal cells, a Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cytokinesis During cytokinesis in animal cells, a ___________________________ pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells. In plant cells, a ________________________ separates the dividing cell into two cells.

Control of Cell Division Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of Cell Division Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by Control occurs at

Control of Cell Division, continued Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Control of Cell Division, continued When Control is Lost: Cancer Cancer may result if

Chapter 8 Objectives Section 3 Meiosis Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis. Summarize the events of meiosis I. Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals. Summarize the events of meiosis II. Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Define sexual reproduction.

Formation of Haploid Cells Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Formation of Haploid Cells Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that Meiosis produces ____________________ gametes.

Formation of Haploid Cells, continued Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Formation of Haploid Cells, continued Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell. Meiosis leads to

Chapter 8 Meiosis I Meiosis I includes Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis I Meiosis I includes ______________________________, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics material, occurs during prophase I and results in _________________________________.

Chapter 8 Meiosis II Meiosis II includes Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis II Meiosis II includes Four new haploid cells result.

Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Stages of Meiosis

Stages of Meiosis, continued Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Stages of Meiosis, continued

Development of Gametes Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Development of Gametes _____________________________ is the process by which sperm cells are produced. _____________________________ is the process that produces mature egg cells.

Meiosis in Male and Female Animals Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Meiosis in Male and Female Animals

Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction Section 3 Meiosis Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring through Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are

Cell Division in Prokaryotes Section 2 Cell Division Chapter 8 Cell Division in Prokaryotes