Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management First Canadian Edition By Reilly, Brown, Hedges, Chang 17

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Structure and Evolution Private Management and Advisory Firms Organization and Management of Investment Companies Hedge Funds and Private Equity Ethics and Regulation Professional Asset Manager Chapter 17 Professional Money Management, Alternative Assets, and Industry Ethics

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd The Asset Management Industry: Structure & Evolution Two Organization Forms Contract directly with a management and advisory firm Commingling of investment capital of several clients in an investment company Differences between These Two Forms Private management and advisory firms develop a personal relationship with clients Investment company offers a general solution

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd The Asset Management Industry: Structure & Evolution

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd The Asset Management Industry: Structure & Evolution Contract directly with a management and advisory firm Relationship with client Assets under management (AUM) Separate accounts Customized

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd The Asset Management Industry: Structure & Evolution Commingling of investment capital of several clients in an investment company Invest a pool of funds belonging to many individuals in a single portfolio of securities Issue new shares representing the proportional ownership of the fund

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Management & Advisory Firms Majority of private management and advisory firms are still much smaller More narrowly focused on a particular niche of the market

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Management & Advisory Firms Investment Strategy Each client’s assets are held in separate account Security portfolio guided by the firm’s overall investment philosophy While the specific stock allocations might vary, the same fundamental orientation toward stock selection will be applied to all accounts

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Organization & Management of Investment Companies Investment Companies Financial intermediaries that pool the assets of individual investors and invest the fund in securities or other assets Major Duties Investment research Management of the portfolio Administrative duties Management fee is percentage of total value of the fund Family of funds achieve economies of scale

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Organization & Management of Investment Companies Valuating Investment Company Shares Net Asset Value (NAV) for an investment company is analogous to the share price of a corporation’s common stock. NAV of the fund shares will increase as the value of the underlying assets (the fund security portfolio) increases   Total Market Value of Fund Portfolio Fund Expenses Fund NAV= Total Fund Shares Outstanding 

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Closed-End Versus Open-End Investment Companies Closed-End Investment Company Functions like any other public firm and its stock trades on the regular secondary market Fund generally doesn’t issue or redeem shares once it is established Price of fund is different from its NAV Puzzle for modern finance why closed-end funds often sell at a discount from NAV Often a means of investing in a pool of assets from a foreign country

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Investment Companies: Closed-End Mutual Funds

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Closed-End Versus Open-End Investment Companies Open-End Investment Companies Company continues to sell and repurchase shares after their initial public offerings Fund stands ready to issue or redeem shares at the net asset value (NAV) Investors who buy or sell the shares may have to pay sales charges (the load) Normally called mutual funds

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Load versus No-Load Open-End Fund Offering price for a share of a load fund equals the NAV of the share plus a sale charge No-load fund imposes no initial sales charge so it sells shares at the NAV Several variations exist between full-load and pure no-load fund Low-load fund 12b-1 plan Funds have contingent, deferred sales loads Closed-End Versus Open-End Investment Companies

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Investment Companies Fund Management Fees Charge annual management fees to compensate professional managers of the fund Fee typically is a percentage of the average net assets of fund varying from about 0.25 to 1.00% Management fees are a major factor driving the creation of new funds Mutual fund fees have been declining due to the industry consolidation

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Investment Companies Investment Company Portfolio Objectives Equity funds: Invest almost exclusively in common stocks Bond funds: Concentrate on various types of bonds to generate high current income with minimal risk Balanced funds: Diversify outside a single market by combining common stock with fixed income securities Money market funds: Invest in diversified portfolios of short-term securities

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Investment Companies Breakdown by Fund Characteristics By major Means of Distribution Sales force Direct purchase from the fund Direct institutional marketing By Investment Objective Equity funds Hybrid funds Money market funds

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Investment Companies Global Investment Companies Funds that invest in foreign securities are either international funds or global funds International funds often hold only foreign stocks from U.S., Germany, Japan, Singapore, and Korea Global funds contain both Canadian and foreign securities Increasing large number of foreign investment companies that offer both domestic and global products in their local markets

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Basic Concepts Alternative Assets Limited Partnership Investment Companies

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Investing in Alternative Asset Classes

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity The Development Significant development in professional asset management industry over the past 20 years was emergence of global market for hedge fund investing Hedge fund investing traces back to 1949 Structured as a partnership structure with an incentive fee for superior performance

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity Portfolio that combines both long and short position in equity market with use of financial leverage to enhance return Better able to produce superior returns than traditional investment structures, such as mutual funds

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity Hedge Fund Characteristics Far less liquid than mutual fund (or even closed- end fund) shares Severe limitations on when and how often investment capital can be contributed to or removed from a partnership Performance allocation and high-watermark

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Fund Strategies Equity-Based Strategies Long-short equity: Managers attempt to identify misvalued stocks and take long positions in undervalued ones and short positions in the overvalued ones Equity market neutral: limit the overall volatility exposure of the fund by taking offsetting risk positions on the long and short side might also involve adopting derivative positions

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds Strategies Arbitrage-Based Strategies Fixed-income arbitrage: Returns are generated by taking advantage of bond pricing disparities caused by changing market events, investor preferences, or fluctuations in fixed-income market Convertible arbitrage: Seeks to profit from disparities in relationship between prices for convertible bonds and underlying common stock

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds Strategies Arbitrage-Based Strategies Merger (risk) arbitrage: Returns are dependent upon magnitude of spread on merger transactions, which are directly related to the likelihood of the deal

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity Opportunistic Strategies High yield and distressed: Invest in risky bonds Global macro Broad class seeks to profit from changes in global economies Managed futures Using long and short positions in variety of futures contracts Special situations Events like bankruptcies, spinoffs

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Funds & Private Equity Multiple strategies Fund of funds: Invest in a number of funds so as to achieve well- diversified allocation to the hedge fund investment space

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Risk Arbitrage Investing Take equity positions in companies that are the target of a merger or takeover attempt Require managers to compare their own subjective judgment about the success of the proposed takeover with the success probability implied by the market price of the target firm’s stock following the announcement of the deal

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Risk Arbitrage Investing If manager thinks takeover is more likely to occur than market does, he or she will buy target firm shares. Manager might short sell target firm shares if he or she thinks the proposed deal is less likely to be completed

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Fund Performance Not all hedge funds are the same when it comes to their risk and return profiles Returns to these strategies show a high degree of variability on a year-to year basis, in both an absolute and a relative sense There are only 2 (of 14) years in which every strategy class earned positive returns Emerging markets was the worst performing strategy in 1995 (-16.9%). However, it was the best performing strategy in 1996 ( +34.5%) The long/short equity strategy performed well in 2003 and 2004, but lost money in 2002

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Hedge Fund Performance

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Equity Basic Concepts Any ownership interest in an asset (or assets) that is not tradable in a public market Typically fund either new companies or established firms that are seeking to change their organizational structure or are experiencing financial distress Far less liquid than public stock holdings and considered long-term positions within an investor’s overall portfolio Characteristics Higher return and low liquidity Good sources of diversification

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Equity

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Equity

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Equity Organization Three Subcategories Venture Capital Seed Early stage Later stage Buyouts Special Situations Distressed Debt Mezzanine Financing

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Equity The Investment Process Zero-stage capital: Using personal savings and bank loans Venture capital: Seek to obtain additional seed and early-stage funding they need to advance their idea to the next level; in exchange, the venture capital firm receives an equity stake in the company Venture capital firm will ultimately want to liquidate equity holdings in order to create a return on investment Buyout IPO

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Private Equity Returns to Private Equity Funds Long-term, highly illiquid investments Return pattern known as “J-curve effect” Average annual returns for these investments tend to be quite high over time Initial years of new private equity commitment usually produce negative returns In addition to its higher overall risk level, huge dispersion in fund returns (good performance vs. bad performance managers)

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Ethics & Regulation in the Professional Asset Management Industry Agency Conflict Regulation in the Asset Management Industry Complex interaction between provincial and federal laws Goal is to ensure portfolio managers act in best interests of their investors

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Ethics & Regulation in the Professional Asset Management Industry Standards for Ethical Behaviour Chartered Financial Analysts Institute (CFA) Code of Ethics Standards of Professional Conduct Centre for Financial Market Integrity Asset Manager Code of Professional Conduct

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd Ethics & Regulation in the Professional Asset Management Industry Examples of Ethical Conflicts Incentive Compensation Schemes Soft Dollar Arrangements Marketing Investment Management

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd What Do You Want From A Professional Asset Manager? Help determine you investment objectives and develop a portfolio that is consistent with them Diversify your portfolio to eliminate unsystematic risk Maintain portfolio diversification and desired risk class while allowing flexibility to shift between alternative investment instruments as desired

Copyright © 2010 by Nelson Education Ltd What Do You Want From A Professional Asset Manager? Attempt to achieve a risk-adjusted performance level that is superior to that of your relevant benchmark Administer the account, keep records of costs and transactions, provide timely information for tax purposes, and reinvest dividends if desired Maintain ethical standards of behaviour at all times