1 Innovation & knowledge indicators  INTERNATIONAL PATENTS  OTHER INDICATORS OF INNOVATION, KNOWLEDGE AND HUMAN CAPITAL

2 International patents A patent is a document granting the right to exclude anyone else from the production or use of a specific invention for a stated number of years (17 in the USA, variable in Europe, 20 in Italy) The purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention and technical progress by providing temporary monopoly power to the inventor and, on the other hand, by forcing the early disclosure of the invention. Europe: European Patent Office (EPO) - Munich (plus other branches) United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO) Japan Patent Office (JPO) TRIADIC PATENTS = EPO, USPTO, JPO

3 International patents In the USPTO and EPO the grant is issued to the inventor after an examination that focuses on both the novelty and the utility of the invention. The cost of an average EPO patent is about euro: the cost for filing and obtaining a grant is only 4600 euro. The other costs refer to legal representation, validation in single states (translations) and renewal fees. The cost required to get a patent in the US or Japan is still high, but about 20-30% lower than in Europe. In Italy, a granted patent costs about 1500 euro only (including the renewal fees up to 20 years).

4 Cost of a sample European patent (6 States; 10 years) = € EPO fees = € 4600 (14%) Validation in the contracting states (includes translation) = ca. € 7000 (22%) Professional representation before the EPO = ca. € (32%) National renewal fees and related costs= ca. € (32%)

5 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR FEEDING PORTIONS OF WRAPPING MATERIAL ON A CIGARETTE PACKING MACHINE

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8 The explosion of international patent applications Main (or most plausible) explanation: firms (especially the largest ones) have increasingly resorted to strategic patenting, i.e. for reasons other than that of protecting their inventions

9 In 2011 ten companies accounted for 15,067 out of 142,810 patent applications filed with the EPO (10.65)

Outcomes of EPO applications 10

11 EPO patent applications per million population, 2010

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13 EPO applications per million inhabitants

14 Other innovation & knowledge measures STRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS: Presence of high-tech manufacturing industries (% on total manufacturing value added) Presence of high-tech knowledge-intensive services (% on total services value added)

15 High-tech manufacturing industries: office machinery and computers, TV and communication equipment, medical and precision instruments, aircraft and spacecraft, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology High-tech knowledge-intensive services: post and telecommunication, computer services and related activities, research and development.

Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) NACE Division 72: Computer and related activities 72.1: Hardware consultancy 72.2: Software consultancy and supply 72.3: Data processing 72.4: Database activities 72.5: Maintenance and repair of office, accounting and computing machinery 72.6: Other computer related activities NACE Division 73: Research and experimental development NACE Division 74: Other business activities 74.11: Legal activities 74.12: Accounting, book-keeping, auditing activities; tax consultancy 74.13: Market research and public opinion polling 74.14: Business and management consultancy 74.15: Management activities of holding companies 74.20: Architectural, engineering activities related technical cons. 74.3: Technical testing and analysis 74.4: Advertising 74.5: Labour recruitment and provision of personnel 74.8: Miscellaneous business activities n.e.c : Photographic activities 74.84: Other business activities n.e.c. 16

17 Other innovation & knowledge measures KNOWLEDGE INDICATORS BASED ON: HUMAN CAPITAL Share of people having attained a given level of education within a population class SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (outcomes of basic research)

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