Computers: Information Technology in Perspective By Long and Long Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. Computers: Information Technology in Perspective Larry Long & Nancy Long Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Computers: Information Technology in Perspective By Long and Long Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. Inside the Computer Chapter 3

Quit 3.3 Be Informed ! ! And, make good decisions when purchasing a PC. Monthly Technology Update

Quit 3.4 Electronic Signals Analog Digital

Quit 3.5 Binary Digits (Bits) Only 2 states possible On Off Fiber Optic Cable } Light Pulse No Light Pulse Permanently stored on CD-ROM } Pitted Not Pitted Inside the computer’s memory (RAM) } Electronic pulse present Electronic pulse absent Permanently stored on disks } Positive magnetic field Negative magnetic field } Human readable symbols On 1 Off 0

Quit Digital Digitizing Data Analog

Quit 3.7 Encoding Systems “A” is represented by this bit pattern 1 byte= 8 bits “A” is represented by this bit pattern 1 byte= 8 bits A A Encoding

Quit 3.8 ASCII Chart Please memorize by our next class. Just kidding! Other Systems: ANSI (8 bit) Unicode (16 bit) Hexadecimal display

Quit 3.9 PC System Unit Motherboard Processor RAM Expansion Cards StorageDevices Hard Drive Floppy Drive CD-ROM/ DVD Drive

Quit 3.10Motherboard  Electronic circuit board  Provides communication among: Microprocessor Microprocessor Chipset Chipset Memory chips Memory chips Expansion boards Expansion boards Bus Bus Device controllers Device controllers

Quit 3.11 Intel Processor Progression  286, 386, 486  Pentium®  Pentium® Pro  Pentium® II  Pentium® III  Celeron®  Itanium™ Photo Courtesy of Intel Corporation

Quit 3.12 Microprocessor Components  Control Unit Read/Interpret program instructions Read/Interpret program instructions Direct the operation of internal components Direct the operation of internal components Control flow of programs/data to RAM Control flow of programs/data to RAM Decoder Program Register Instruction Register  ALU Accumulator

Quit 3.13 Memory Types Cache RAM ROM Flash PROM

Quit 3.14RAM  Random Access Memory  Solid-state electronic circuitry  Holds current data and programs at a RAM address  Temporary or volatile storage

Quit 3.15 RAM Types  SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) Can synchronize itself with the processor Can synchronize itself with the processor  RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) Newer and more expensive Newer and more expensive 6 times faster than SDRAM 6 times faster than SDRAM  Physical installation SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade) RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade)  SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) Can synchronize itself with the processor Can synchronize itself with the processor  RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) Newer and more expensive Newer and more expensive 6 times faster than SDRAM 6 times faster than SDRAM  Physical installation SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade) RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade)

Quit 3.16 Cache Memory  Faster and more costly than RAM  Much smaller capacity than RAM  Holds next likely instructions  Increases system throughput

Quit 3.17ROM  Read Only Memory  Permanent; user cannot change  Loads Operating System during boot process  PROM

Quit 3.18 Flash Memory  Type of PROM  Can be easily changed by user  Non-volatile  Upgrade by downloading software from the Web or disk  No longer need to replace chips or circuit boards

Quit 3.19 What Happens Inside Arithmetic Logic Unit Main memory Control Unit Control Unit Output Unit Output Unit Data flow Instruction flow Input Unit Input Unit Control flow

Quit 3.20 Instruction Cycle = I-time + E-time Everything is translated to Machine Language Instruction Time Execution Time Fetch Instruction Execute Instruction Place result in memory Decode Instruction Pipelining

Quit 3.21 Adding Peripherals Courtesy of ATI Technologies Inc. Expansion Slot Expansion Card Peripheral plugs into port Pins plug into slot

Quit 3.22 Bus Types  ISA bus  PCI local bus  SCSI bus  USB bus (hot plug)  1394 bus (FireWire)  AGP bus Expansion boards are made to fit a particular type of bus

Quit 3.23 Ports 1 bit at a time Slow Mice/modems Long distances High speed Buy cable separately Infrared Light waves Printers Short distance 8 bits at a time Fast Printers Short distances 15 peripherals Daisychained Newest and fastest Expensive External hard drives Keyboard Mouse Round 5-pin connector

Quit 3.24 Adding Peripherals  Common boards: AGP (accelerated graphics port) AGP (accelerated graphics port) Sound Sound Data/Voice/Fax modem Data/Voice/Fax modem Cable modem Cable modem  Other boards: USB hub USB hub Network interface card (NIC) Network interface card (NIC) SCSI interface card SCSI interface card Video capture card Video capture card Surfing

Quit 3.25 PCMCIA Card U.S. Robotics Mobile Communications Corporation

Quit 3.26 Describing the Processor  Word Size 64-bit for PCs 64-bit for PCs  Processor Speed MHz, MIPS, FLOPS MHz, MIPS, FLOPS 750 MHz to 2 GHz for PCs 750 MHz to 2 GHz for PCs  RAM Capacity 128 to 512 MB for PCs 128 to 512 MB for PCs  Processor Personality

Quit Storage Capacity  Byte - one character  Kilobyte (KB) bytes  Megabyte (MB) - about 1 million bytes  Gigabyte (GB) - about 1 billion bytes  Terabyte (TB) - about 1 trillion bytes

Quit 3.28 Processor Design  Parallel processing  Massively parallel processing  Neural networks

Computers: Information Technology in Perspective By Long and Long Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. Inside the Computer The End