Copyrights and related rights in the performing arts sector: Quo vadis? Evi Werkers Legal Researcher ICRI – K.U.Leuven 36th Pearle* Conference 28 November 2008, Paris

Structure of the presentation 1. Introduction 2. Legislation 3. Extended copyright protection 4. EU Policy : the IP Package 5. Other recent developments 6. Conclusion

Introduction  Digitization  Convergence of  technologies (networks, services, carriers)  media (print, audiovisual, multimedia)  professional and semi-professional input (bloggers)  Low financial and technological requirements  Production and dissemination of large amounts of content (sound, images, text)

Structure Presentation 1. Introduction 2. Legislation 3. Extended copyright protection 4. EU Policy : the IP Package 5. Other recent developments 6. Conclusion

Legislation on different levels  International Treaties  European Legislation  Member States’ legislation

International treaties  Berne Convention 1886 (1971)  Rome Convention 1961  GATT TRIPS 1994 (WTO)  WIPO Performers and Phonograms Treaty, 1996 (WPPT)  WIPO Copyright Treaty,1996 (WCT)

European framework  Computer Program Directive 91/250  Rental and Lending and Related Rights Directive 92/100 repealed by Directive 2006/115  Satellite and Cable Directive 93/83  Term Directive 93/98 – repealed by Directive 2006/116  Database Directive 96/9  Information Society Directive 2001/29  Resale Directive 2001/84  Enforcement Directive 2004/48

Structure Presentation 1. Introduction 2. Legislation 3. Extended copyright protection 4. EU Policy : the IP Package 5. Other recent developments 6. Conclusion

Extended copyright protection  Expanded copyright protection in materiae  Broadened exploitation rights (including legal protection of RMI and DRM)  Closed list of exceptions  The IP Package, launched by the EC Green Paper Green Paper CISAC Decision CISAC Decision Proposal EC for the amending of the Directive on copyright term from 50 to 95 years Proposal EC for the amending of the Directive on copyright term from 50 to 95 years

Extended exploitation rights Exploitation rights  Reproduction   Reproduction sensu strico   Modification   Distribution   Rental   Lending  Public Communication   Performance (live, radio/tv   Making available i.e. via internet (podcast, webcast, vod, stream) Moral rights  (Divulgation)  Paternity  Integrity + Protection RMI Protection DRM Protection DRM

Attributed to…  Rightholders:  Authors  Performers  Film producers  Producers of phonograms (record companies)  Not attributed to producers of performing arts

Implications for performing arts sector  Authorization for usage of elements as element of the performance from authors:  Text, libretto (writer, publisher)  Choreography (choreographer)  Photographs (photographer)  Music recording (producer of phonograms)  Audiovisual elements (film producer, music composer)  Performers’ neighbouring rights (actors, dancers, musicians, singers, etc.)  No neighbouring right or presumption in the advantage of producers of performing arts: transfer of rights via licensing agreements

Exceptions (art Infosoc-Directive)  Quotations for purposes such as criticism or review (d)  Incidental inclusion of a work or other subject-matter in other material (i)  Use for the purpose of advertising the public exhibition or sale of artistic works, to the extent necessary to promote the event, excluding any other commercial use (j)  Parody, caricature, pastiche (k) Etc. → Non-mandatory list (with exception of 1) + exhaustive → Subject to three steps test (protest Max Planck Institute)

Structure Presentation 1. Introduction 2. Legislation 3. Extended copyright protection and implications for performaning arts sector 4. EU Policy : the IP Package 5. Other recent developments 6. Conclusion

The IP Package A. Green Paper Copyright in the Knowledge Economy, COM (2008) 466/3 B. Proposal EC for the amending of the Directive on copyright term (supra) from 50 to 95 years C. CISAC Decision

A. Green Paper  Aim  To foster free movement of knowledge and innovation (fifth freedom)  To restore balance reward past creation / future dissemination knowledge products  Questions regarding adequacy of:  Exceptions in general  Specific exceptions: libraries & archives, disabled persons, user-created content

B. Proposal extension copyright term  Proposal COM (2008)464/3: six operational objectives: 1.Gradually align authors’ and performers’ protection 2.Incrementally increase renumeration performers 3.Diminish discrepancies in protection EU-US 4.Ensure availability music at reasonable prices 5.Encourage digitisation of back catalogue

B. Proposal extension copyright term  Approach adopted in EC proposal:  Extension from 50 to 95 years  Harmonise calculaton co-written musical compositions  “Use it or lose it” clauses in contracts between performers and record companies  Fund set up by record companies to help session musicians

C. CISAC Decision  Addressees: AEPI, AKKA-LAA, AKM, ARTISJUS, BUMA, EAU, GEMA, IMRO, KODA, LATGA-A, PRS, OSA, SABAM, SACEM, SAZAS, SGAE, SIAE, SOZA, SPA, STEF, STIM, TEOSTO, TONO, ZAIKS  Agreements between collecting societies should not create artificial barriers to the provision of music across borders  Therefore the EC prohibits further use of:  “Membership clauses”: hindering free choice by author of collecting society providing best quality service  “Territorial Exclusivity clauses” : obstructing cross-border licensing of music broadcasts over internet, cable, satellite

C. CISAC Decision  Goals EC:  Rightholders should be free to choose their rights managers providing best quality service and the scope of the rights managed  Encourage collecting societies to be more efficient and provide multi-territorial (pan- European) licenses  Providing more choice to consumers and giving authors more potential revenue

C. CISAC Decision  Reactions Copyright Societes:  Threat cultural diversity  Threat current system of licensing music repertoire as a single package  Costly, inefficient and fragmented licensing system  Disappearance small author’s rights societies  Competition is not the (sole) solution

Structure Presentation 1. Introduction 2. Legislation 3. Extended copyright protection 4. EU Policy : the IP Package 5. Other recent developments 6. Conclusion

Other recent developments  Communication European Commission on Creative Content Online in the Single Market 1.Increase availability of creative content 2.Multi-territory licensing for creative content 3.Interoperability and transparency of Digital Rights Management systems (DRMs) 4.Legal offers and piracy  The internet of Things / web 3.0. Strategy: 1.Self-/co-regulatory agreements 2.promote digital business models 3.enforce legal certainty rights and obligations 4.promotion legal offers online 5.reinforcement consumers’ rights 6.fight against online piracy

Structure Presentation 1. Introduction 2. Legislation 3. Extended copyright protection 4. EU Policy : the IP Package 5. Other recent developments 6. Conclusion

Conclusion Extended copyright protection in terms of duration, exploitation rights, limitation of exceptions in favour of users by means of the three-step-test (abuse three step test, EC proposal) ↨ Exceptions should be made more technology neutral and mandatory and / or flexible, multi-territorial licensing systems should be stimulated to improve  dissemination of knowledge and information  cultural creativity / diversity  more creative content online (and renumeration) (Green Paper, CISAC Decision CCO, Web 3.0.)

Thank you for you attention. Questions? Evi Werkers / /