Models of the City: Urban Morphology

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Presentation transcript:

Models of the City: Urban Morphology AP Human Geography

Functional Zonation The internal division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions) “zoning laws” This is not random; cities are spatially organized to performs their functions as places of commerce, entertainment, production or education

USA vs Europe Zoning USA Little federal, state role; mainly local gov. Common categories: Residential (houses, apartments, condos) Commercial (office space, retail shops, restaurants) Industrial (manufacturing) Agricultural (farms) Very little “mixed use” Single family and Residential usually gets priority

USA vs Europe Zoning Europe Federal (or national) government regulates Localities must get approval from feds. Wide variety of categories: Small scale residential, village type, mixed-use, town center No preference for single family residential Mixed use the norm, not the exception

Urban Planning Mixed Use (Europe) Single Use (USA)

Evolution of American Cities 1. Wagon-Sail=1790s-1830s 2. Iron-Horse= 1830-1870 3. Steel-Rail= 1870-1920 4. Auto-Air=1920-1980s 5. Computer-Internet=1980s-until? (“new” urbanization and gentrification; ex: West Broad Village)

New Urbanism? West Broad Village Bedford Falls, Wake County

Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess (1920s) describes this model as “dynamic”; as the city grows inner zones encroach on outer ones

Concentric Zones Zone 1: CBD (central business district). Few residences; high property cost Zone 2: Transition- light industry; poorer housing Zone 3: Working class homes; older neighborhoods; smaller lots Zone 4: middle class; larger homes and apartment residences Zone 5: Commuter suburbs; small villages/towns/”edge city”

Hoyt’s Sector Model Homer Hoyt (1930s) focused on residential patterns; the pie-shaped pieces describe the uses of the different sectors; can be based on environment or chance. Formerly wealthy areas “filter down” to middle and then lower classes

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei Model Harris and Ullman (1940s) argued that CBD is losing dominant position to multiple suburban CBDs. Multiple “nodes” have special “functions”; like ports, universities, airports, residence levels. Clusters expand as city grows.

Urban Realms Model Urban Realms (1970s)- Cars transform the city; weakening the CBD and created new suburban downtowns; eventually evolving into Edge Cities.

Latin American City (Griffin-Ford)Model CBD has traditional “market” and newer “high rise” areas. Spine is a corridor and affluent extension of the wealthy CBD. The “mall” is an elite commercial region for the affluent area around it. Disamenity are the slums (barrios and favelas); surrounding all is the ring-highway called periferico.

The African City Very influenced by European colonialism. Very hard to generalize African cities; patterns are hard to discern. However, many are surrounded by poor squatter settlements.

South East Asian (McGee) Model McGee Model (1967) – focal point on old colonial port zone; alien zones are usually made up of Chinese or Indian ethnicities.