O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Oscar Chic and Jordi Font, ICM, CMIMA-CSIC, Barcelona Real Time Satellite Data Management for Operational Oceanography. The Example of a Satellite Receiving Station

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Earth observation orbiting satellites (scanning radiometers type) Wide alongtrack swath (depending on sensor) Mostly sun-synchronous Data recorded and transmitted in real time Land stations receiving data when satellite over horizon (multiple channels) Spatial resolution decreasing from nadir Real time or delayed mode processing Geometric/radiometric corrections, spatial windows, archiving, distribution

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 CMIMA Barcelona station (Mediterranean Centre for Marine and Environmental Research - CSIC) Installed autumn 2001 Data-Tools system Fully operational August 2002 Web access to images Spatial coverage Açores – Israel Denmark - Sahel

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 CMIMA Barcelona station Barcelona sea front

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 CMIMA system elements

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Polar orbiting (99°, km, helio-syncron, L-band (1.7 GHz), 100 min period, 2 passes/day, 5000x2400 km mid-latitude)Polar orbiting Satellites received at ICM NOAA (12->17) AVHRR (visible, infrared for SST) + other sensors SeaWiFS (ocean colour) FengYun1-C/D ( not of much use over ocean ) SPOT4/5 vegetation ( land applications, 1 km resolution ) Future MODIS? (new hardware needed) Satellites and sensors

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Data Acquisition Programmed satellite passes Orientable parabolic antenna automatically pointing to satellite One acquisition computer + one data processing and archiving 10 bits HRPT telemetry (High Resolution Picture Transmission) Snapshot created and used as a background image in acquisition PC Small metadata file created. Backup of all the raw data in DVD+R and DAT media.

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004

SST Data Processing Semi-automated system to process every AVHRR pass over Western Mediterranean in near-real time (every hour) in order to compile a database of sea-surface temperature images at the best spatial resolution (1.1 km). The system has routines for automatic navigation and cloud-masking. After processing (split-window equation), navigated and annotated SST images are available on WWW only 90 minutes after the start of acquisition. During processing a complete metadata file and snapshots of each channel are created. In metadata file, information like % cloud of ROI (region of interest). In the future this will be in a database allowing queries.

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Metadata file (example) filename : Noaa15.n10 satellite : noaa-15 start_time : 06:54:54 pass_date : 2004/01/19 orb_elements : e sunelev : 0 satazim : 278 sunazim : 0 satelev : 87 subtrack : 34 sublat : 41 sublon : 2 duration : 00:13:53 coverage : 100 center_lat : center_lon : pixel_width : pixel_height : total_width : total_height : upper_left_lat : upper_left_lon : upper_right_lat : upper_right_lon : lower_left_lat : lower_left_lon : lower_right_lat : lower_right_lon : center_sun :-2.68 center_sat :90.00 sat_sub_lat : sat_sub_lon : daytime : night Percent_cloud = 74

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January Visible channels 1 i 2 -> % albedo. Infrared channels 3a/b,4 i 5 -> brightness T. First georeferenciation with ephemerides/orbital elements. 2 Small errors on satellite internal clock and on horizon tracking require a finer georeferenciation. Windows correlation. 3 Satellite zenital angle > 53º --> bad data. Cloud filtering (different daytime and nightime procedure). 4 MCSST algorithm (McClain,1985) SST = A*T4 + B*(T4-T5) + C*(T4-T5)*(sec(sza)-1) + D*(sec(sza)-1) + E 5 Mercator projection with 1.1 km resolution on the square area (45N, 34N) x (9E, 6O) 6 Metadata file example Metadata file 7 Selected areaSelected area 8 SST SST Processing Scheme

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004

Sequential tests applied to all pixels. 1. if (satellite_zenith_angle > ref_angle (53º)) then bad_value 2.  i  (3x3) if (max(i-center) > threshold) then cloud  cloud >  sear 3. if (night)  i  (3x3) if (mean(T b 3-T b 4) < threshold) then cloud 4. if (ch2 > threshold) then cloud 5. if (T b 4 < threshold) then cloud 6. if (solar_ref_angle<min_solar_ref_angle) then bad_value IMPORTANT: Some clouds are not detected and appear on the image as anomalously cold areas. This is due to very dry atmosphere, low clouds, sun glint, noise in channel 3 … Discarding pixels (mainly clouds)

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Full process: from raw data to SST map 21 January h54 NOAA-17

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Quality Control Real time control Selection of passes depending on elevation angle (area coverage, enough spatial resolution) Application of validated routines to build maps Few years ago it was obtained a statistical RMS error lower than 0.6 comparing SST images with in-situ termosalinograph temperature. Delayed mode control Visual inspection of data quality We are studying to perform an automatic quality control using moored buoys off the Spanish coast (Puertos del Estado).

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Bad data records 1. Satellite ocultation by nearby building 2. Transmission failure 3. Problems in scan motor 4. Undetermined problems with old NOAA-12

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Left: SST (standard and zebra palettes). Up: Quick-look Temperature

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January SST 2. Raw channels (HDF) 3. DCS/Argos 4. TOVS (atmospheric data) Total precipitable water Total ozone avhrr_ch2avhrr_ch4 NOAA products Air temperature

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 ICM Barcelona is one of the 92 SeaWiFS Direct Readout Ground Stations (8 on research vessels). Real time decription possible for short periods under specific request Format conversion Telemetry raw format n10 (encripted Data-Tools) n10  s10 (OGP Orbview key software, every 15 days) s10  SeaWiFS-L0 (NASA standard, SeaStarLevel0 soft) L0  L1a (data sent to NASA, NASA software) Generation of quicklooks and data offered to SeaWiFS Authorized Data Users ( Management of Barcelona and R/V Hespérides data archive Future: automatic generation of chlorophyll a concentration maps IMPORTANT: “Just in time for the Christmas holidays, NASA is pleased to announce that a new contract has been signed with ORBIMAGE to acquire one additional year of SeaWiFS data starting on 24 December 2003 under the same terms and conditions as the previous agreement. ” Gene Carl Feldman 24/12/2003 SeaWiFS Data Management

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Processing scheme and quicklook

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 SeaWiFS July 2002 chlorophyll a concentration

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 ICM SATPROCES Web Site Web map Introducción / Home Page Estación Receptora de imágenes de Satélite (ERS)Estación Receptora de imágenes de Satélite (ERS) Archivo de Datos Satélites visibles FAQ Novedades

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Examples of operational use R/V Hespérides Fine tunning of hydrographic surveys of mesoscale circulation guided by infrared images provided in real time by an on- board satellite receiving station (October 1996) Alboran Sea Algerian basin

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ MFSPP - Observing system Overall NRT Basin Scale Observing System VOS XBT temperature 700 m profiles 12 m.n. along track 1 day delay along track sea level anomalies 1 day delay T/P and ERS2 Weekly SST, three days delay NOAA-AVHRR M3A buoy 3 hours data, 1 day delay ARGOS

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 Satellite data sets in NRT MFSPP - Observing system Sea Level Anomaly Sea Surface Temperature

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 MFSPP - FCST Basin Scale The weekly forecasting system ECMWF AN ECMWF FC SST SLA XBT J-7 J-14 J-5J-4J-3J-2J-1 Wed ThuFriSatSunMonTue ThuFriWedThuFri J+1J+2J+7J+8J+9 J Wed FORECASTRELEASE

O. Chic, J. Font, MAMA 5th meeting, Malta, January 2004 This dramatic image of black smoke plumes over Baghdad was acquired the morning of March 31, 2003, by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.Terra The End