Nanotechnology Principles, Applications, and Careers National Educators Workshop November 3, 2013

What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is…. the control of matter on the atomic level the ability to build using atoms as building blocks the manufacture of novel materials with novel properties What is a nanometer? 1 nm = 10-9 m = 0.000000001 m = one billionth of a meter What is a nanostructure? Structure with at least one dimension < 100 nm SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 2

3 http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html Source: Dept. of Energy

Why Study Nanoscience and Nanotechnology? The study of fundamental principles of nanostructures Between bulk and atomic properties Nanotechnology: The application of nano-structures into useful devices © Northwestern University http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 4

Who? Government Academic Research Institutions National Laboratories Industry Non-Profits The public http://www.nnin.org/nnin_site.html Source: NNIN SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 5

The Very Beginnings… 2000 years ago – Stained Glass 1100 – Damascus Steel swords 1500 – NPs in pottery ~1910 – particle sizes described in “nanometers” 1959 – Feynman’s speech “The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom” Armagh, Ireland, AD444 Romans (2000) Year 444 – ireland stained glass Arab swords – damascus steel – carbon nanotubes for strength 1500s Italians (Renaissance) used NPs for colors in pottery SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 6

Then… 1970 – “Nanotechnology” coined (Taniguchi) 1981 – First atoms seen (Binnig and Rohrer, STM) 1986 – Engines of Creation, the Coming Age of Nanotechnology by Richard Drexler “Nanotechnology is the principle of atom manipulation atom by atom, through control of the structure of matter at the molecular level. It entails the ability to build molecular systems with atom-by-atom precision, yielding a variety of nanomachines” SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 7

Surfaces and Dimensional Space SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 8

0-Dimensional Structures Source: Younan Xia, Washington University Source: Seoul National University SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 9

1-Dimensional Structures Source: Evans Group, University of Leeds Source: Science Buzz, Science Museum of Minn. SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 10

2- Dimensional Structures http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2006/12/ SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 11

Why “Nano” is Interesting Particles are small High surface-to-volume ratio React differently Act differently (new properties) Interact with light differently Are on the scale of small biological structures Quantum Mechanics meet Classical Mechanics Interesting “new” structures Interesting materials with nanoparticles embedded (mostly surface!) SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 12 12

Surface Area and Energy Surface atoms (%) Surface energy increases with surface area Large surface energy = instability Driven to grow to reduce surface energy diameter (nm) SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 13 C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000).

Physical Structure  Physical Property What are the structural differences on the nanoscale? High percentage surface atoms Spatial confinement Reduced imperfections What properties are affected? What properties can we tune? SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 14

Melting Points Lower melting point for nanostructures <100 nm Surface energy increases as size decreases Particle diameter (nm) Melting point (K) Semiconductors, metals, inert gases, molecular crystals Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992. SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 15

Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties improve as size decreases High atomic perfection Strength (kg/mm) Copper: 6 nm grains have hardness 5x higher than 50 µm grains Palladium: 5-10 nm grains have hardness 5x higher than 100 µm grains However, one model: Hardness increases as particle size decreases up to a certain point (5 nm), then structure “softens” d (µm) Mechanical Strength of NaCl whiskers Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954). SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 16

Electrical Properties Electron Scattering Electrons move through a metal to conduct electricity Electrons are scattered to cause resistivity Decreasing size  fewer defects  less scattering Surface Scattering Electrons scatter against the surface of nanostructure Widening of band gap SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 17

Electrical Properties Band gap increases as particle size decreases E Metal Insulator Semi-conductor NP Semi-conductor SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 18

Particles & Light Particles interact differently with light Structures are smaller than wavelength of visible light 220X 1X 20,000X 5000X Photonic Crystals Surface Plasmon Resonance Quantum Dot Fluorescence Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, 2003, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, 1403-1411 SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 19

Optical Properties Surface Plasmon Resonance “sea of electrons” excited SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 20

Optical Properties: Quantum Dots Band gap increases as particle size decreases E Metal Insulator Semiconductor 50 nm QD 10 nm QD SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 21

Size: Biological Structures 2 nm diameter ~5 nm thick ~10 nm diameter Red blood cells: http://www.topnews.in/health/files/Red-Blood-Cells.jpg DNA: http://www.biojobblog.com/uploads/image/dna_500.jpg Lipid bilayer: 5 nm thick, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lipid_bilayer_section.gif ATP synthase: 10 nm diameter, DOE Flu virus: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2006/Kelly/influenzafigure1.jpg 5000 nm diameter ~50 – 100 nm diameter SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 22

Unique Structures Carbon Nanotubes Buckyballs Zeolites 23 Source: Wikipedia Carbon nanotube: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_nanotube_armchair_povray.PNG Buckyball: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyball#.22Buckyball.22 Buckyball story? Zeolites: http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0004003/spapers/430114wv.htm Zeolites Source: Wikipedia Source: The Chemical Educator SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 23

Image References Slide 3 The Scale of Things. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.er.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html>. Slide 5 Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html> Slide 6 NNIN Sites. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nnin.org/nnin_site.html>. Slide 10 Nanocages. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanocages.com>. Nanoparticle Shape Modification. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://kshong.snu.ac.kr/research/research_nanoparticle.html>. Slide 11 Nanowires. [Online image]. Molecular & Nanoscale Physics Group. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.mnp.leeds.ac.uk/sdevans/Evans_Nano.html>. Nanotubes. [Online image]. Science Museum of Minnesota. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.smm.org/buzz/museum/ask/greaney/starting>. Slide 14 C. Nutzenadel et al., Eur. Phys. J. D. 8, 245 (2000). SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 24

Slide 16 Ichimose, N. et al. Superfine Particle Technology Springer-Verlag London, 1992. Slide 17 Gyulai, Z. Z. Phys. 138, 317 (1954). Slide 20 Militaries Study Animals for Cutting-Edge Camouflage. James Owen in England for National Geographic News March 12, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (1999) 266, 1403-1411 (Penn State NACK Educational Resources, 2009). Slide 21 Silver and Gold Particles. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/sizematters_html>. Slide 23 Red blood cells. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.topnews.in/health/files/Red-Blood-Cells.jpg>. DNA double helix. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://www.biojobblog.com/uploads/image/dna_500.jpg>. Lipid bilayer. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lipid_bilayer_section.gif>. Image References This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1204279.  Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 25

Applications of Nanotechnology

Materials Nano-coated fibers Guitar strings Sunscreen Left half of the face has nano-sunscreen – no color, better uv absorption ZnO is most common Guitar strings: http://www.elixirstrings.com/products/product_acoustic.html#nano Sunscreen: http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/cosmetics-and-sunscreen/ Lotus effect: http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/textiles-and-clothing/ little nano-sized molecular hooks attach to the fabric of the garment and the hair-like structures repel the water like the lotus leaf. But because these are nano-sized they don’t make the fabric stiff, so keeping the softness of whatever is coated. Sock: http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_7.html Source: nano&me Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies' 2727 Nano-coated fibers Water & stain resistant Antibacterial Guitar strings Feels like non-coated Coated to improve strength Sunscreen Better UV protection Water resistant Transparent! Source: Nano & Me Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies Source: Elixir Strings 27 SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education Source: Nano & Me

Sporting Goods Lighter and stronger Carbon composites 2828 Tennis raquet: http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/yonex_nanospeed_rq_tennis_racquets/ (Yonex® NanoSpeed® RQ Tennis Racquets) Wilson tennis racquet – SiO2 NPs Baseball: http://www.zyvex.com/News/pressreleases.html Bat picture: http://www.bplowestprices.com/easton-2009-lst10-stealth-cnt-youth-baseball-bat-12.html Sporting Goods Lighter and stronger Carbon composites SiO2 nanoparticles Easton’s Stealth CNT baseball bats: “According to Easton, Zyvex’s NanoSolve® Material “strengthens composite structures to provide improved handle designs with optimized flex, responsiveness, and more ‘kick’...” Source: Easton Sports Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 28

Electronics Computing Hardware Organic LED Displays Energy Storage Ipod: http://www.forbes.com/2006/01/09/in_jw_0109soapboxslide.html?thisSpeed=6000 OLED – printable with inkjet onto any surface – including flexible surfaces - thinner OLEDs enable a greater range of colors, brightness, and viewing angle than LCDs Better blacks and energy efficiency, .01ms response time (vs 8-12ms for lcd) Disadvantage is the lifespan. Used in small screens for cell phones, cameras, head mounted displays 2929 Computing Hardware Processors – 22 nm Flash memory – 19 nm Organic LED Displays Lighter and thinner More energy efficient Cheaper to manufacture Energy Storage Solar Cells Source: Intel Source: Apple Source: PC World Source: Sony Japan SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 29

Vertical axis is number of transistors on a chip. – update? Moore’s Law 3030 the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years 30 SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education Source: Wikipedia

Miniaturizing Electronics Co-founder of Intel 3131 Billions of transistors on a chip! SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 31 Source: Nature

Solar cells inorganic organic Silicon- Single crystal 3232 Solar cells inorganic (Source: Sun Power) (Source: Solarmrshal) (Source: PNNL) Silicon- Single crystal Silicon- poly-crystalline Thin-film Source: Reinforced Plastics organic (Source: UNSW) (Source: Konarka) Dye-sensitized Bulk heterojunction SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 32

Solar cells TiO2 in dye sensitized solar cells meso-porous TiO2 film 3333 TiO2 in dye sensitized solar cells meso-porous TiO2 film Source: Reinforced Plastics (Source: Aldrich) (Source: Cao Group UW) SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 33

Medicine Targeted and traceable drug delivery Enhanced imaging 3434 Excess sugar displaces a dye molecule in the lens, making it change color; also UW/Microsoft http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2149276/Colour-changing-contact-lenses-replace-painful-skin-prick-tests-diabetics.html and http://www.uakron.edu/innovation/eyes.dot Medicine Targeted and traceable drug delivery Enhanced imaging Sensitive detection Source: Gao Research Group, UW Source: Hu Research Group, Univ. of Akron SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 34

Lab on a Chip Combining all lab functions in one device 35 No need for specialized lab, trained professionals, less time, less sample needed, etc. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpxnJM2jSVg Source: Nature Video SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 35

Feb 2010 - The Piranha USV is designed to perform a wide variety of missions like anti-piracy, search and rescue, submarine hunting, and harbor patrol.“ http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/mercedes-benz_paint_finish/ Transportation 3636 “Zyvex Performance Materials has unveiled the Piranha unmanned surface vessel, a lightweight composite boat built using ZPM's Arovex™ nanotube-reinforced carbon fibre prepreg.” Source: Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies Mercedes Benz m-class – 2005 Scratch-resistant, “improved sheen” paint Source: Reinforced Plastics SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 36

Food SiO2 or TiO2 coatings Fat Clusters acts as fat, but lowers amount 3737 Mayo – natural emulsioin – suspended nanoparticles Mars already has US patent for these coatings (on twix, skittles, m&ms) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%26M%27s_Plain.jpg Tongue: detects traces of pathogens; nanoclay – keep carbonation, keeps oxygen (spoils) out Info from NYTimes; Cientific company http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10nano.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1 - article from 2006 Food SiO2 or TiO2 coatings Undetectable by taste, smell Increase shelf life Fat Clusters acts as fat, but lowers amount Packaging: “Electronic tongue” (Kraft, Uconn, Rutgers) Plastic bottles embedded with nanoclay (keeps gases in or out) Source: Wikipedia SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 37

3838 SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education Source: Nanowerk 38

Image References 3939 39 Slide 2 Number of Nano Patents. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2010/01/2009-record-year-for-nanotechnology.html>. Slide 3 Lotus Effect. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/textiles-and-clothing/>. NanoSilver Socks. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_7.html>. Nano Web Strings. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.elixirstrings.com/products/product_acoustic.html#nano>. Sunscreen. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/cosmetics-and-sunscreen>.  SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 39

Image References 40 Slide 4 Stealth CNT baseball bat. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.bplowestprices.com/easton-2009-lst10- stealth-cnt-youth-baseball-bat-12.html>. Nanospeed tennis racquet. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/yonex_nanospeed_rq_tennis_racquets/>. Slide 5 iphone. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://store.apple.com/us/browse/home/shop_iphone/family/iphone>. Intel Core i3. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://alldownloadforfree.blogspot.com/2012/05/difference-between- core-i3-core-i5-and.html>. Flat screen LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.dailytech.com/Slender+Beautiful+First+OLED+TV+Introduced/article9108.htm>. Organic LED Display. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.pcworld.com/article/132262/in_pictures_philips_and_sony_oled_displays.html>.  Slide 6 Moore’s Law. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law>. Slide 7 Ferain, Isabelle, Cynthia A Colinge, and Jean-Pierre Colinge. "Multigate Transistors as the Future of Classical Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors." Nature 479 (Nov. 2011): 310-316. Nature. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7373/full/nature10676.html>. Image References SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 40

Image References 41 Slide 8 single crystal Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/solar-panel-efficiency/>. poly-crystalline Si PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.mfgtrade.com/hot_searches/solar_cell.html>. Thin film PV. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.myhomesolarpower.com/global-solar-cells-and-modules-market-to-reach-us67-8-billion-by-2015- according-to-a-new-report-by-global-industry-analysts-inc/>. DSSC. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://gigaom.com/cleantech/dye-sensitized-solar-scores-morgan-stanley- backing/>. Konarka Power Plastic. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.easywaystogogreen.com/solar-power- issues/konarka-silicon-solar-power-cells-power-plastic/>.  Slide 9 TiO2. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.americanelements.com/Submicron_nano_powders.htm>. ZnO. [Online image]. 23 July. 2012. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/material- matters/synthesis-of-zno-aggregates.html>. Slide 10 Quantum dot mouse. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://faculty.washington.edu/xgao.html>.  Image References SHINE: Seattle’s Hub for Industry-driven Nanotechnology Education 41

Image References 42 Slide 10 (continued) Bates, Claire. "Colour-changing Contact Lenses Could Replace Painful Skin Prick Tests for Diabetics." Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers Ltd., 24 May 2012. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/ article-2149276/ Colour-changing-contact-lenses-replace-painful-skin-prick-tests-diabetics.html>. Slide 11 Dolgin, Elie, and Eric R Olson. Miniature Lab Can Diagnose Disease in the Field. Nature Video. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Aug. 2011. Web. 8 July 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpxnJM2jSVg>.  Slide 12 Piranha Unmanned Surface Vessel. [Online image.] 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.reinforcedplastics.com/view/7467/pirahna-usv-built-using-nanoenhanced-carbon-prepreg>. Mercedes Benz. [Online image.] 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/mercedes-benz_paint_finish>. Slide 13 M&Ms. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%26M%27s_Plain.jpg>.   Slide 14 Nanotechnology in Food. [Online image]. 09 Aug. 2010. <http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1360.php>. Image References 42 This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 1204279.  Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.