Active and Passive Transport, Chemistry and Life 4/21/2017 Chemistry of Life (157 – 163) 6.3 Cell Processes Active and Passive Transport, Osmosis, Diffusion, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis pp. 155 – 156; 195 -200 6.2, 8.1 Hickox: Baker High School Biology G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Objective 2.0: Core concept: Vocabulary Vocabulary Cell membranes are selectively permeable. This gives them the ability to maintain cell homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the relative concentrations of free water molecules in the cytoplasm and in the fluid outside the cell. Different kinds of cells have evolved different ways of dealing with hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. The cells of plants have rigid cell walls that keep the cells from expanding too much. Animal cells can avoid swelling by moving dissolved particles from the cytoplasm. Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. There are four main biochemicals: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids. Cells use carbohydrates to provide energy. Cells use proteins for cellular construction and repair, cellular chemical activities, and as a back-up energy source if carbohydrates are not available. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. Cells use lipids for cell membrane construction. Cells use nucleic acids to store genetic information for protein synthesis. Chemistry and Life 4/21/2017 Objective 2.0:  Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, and endocytosis Identifying functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in cellular activities Comparing the reaction of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions Explaining how surface area, cell size, temperature, light, and pH affect cellular activities Applying the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems Examples: blood pressure, turgor pressure, bends, strokes Core concept: Most cell functions involve chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to synthesize other molecules. There are four main biochemicals: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids. Cells use carbohydrates to provide energy. Cells use proteins for cellular construction and repair, cellular chemical activities, and as a back-up energy source if carbohydrates are not available. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by a large set of protein catalysts, called enzymes. Cells use lipids for cell membrane construction. Cells use nucleic acids to store genetic information for protein synthesis. Vocabulary Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipids Proteins Enzyme Vocabulary Passive transport Active transport Endocytosis Isotonic Exocytosis Diffusion Hypotonic Hypertonic Homeostasis Osmosis Core concep: Cell membranes are selectively permeable. This gives them the ability to maintain cell homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell. The direction of water movement across the cell membrane depends on the relative concentrations of free water molecules in the cytoplasm and in the fluid outside the cell. Different kinds of cells have evolved different ways of dealing with hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. The cells of plants have rigid cell walls that keep the cells from expanding too much. Animal cells can avoid swelling by moving dissolved particles from the cytoplasm. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Hickox: Baker High School Biology Chemistry and Life 4/21/2017 Core Concept: Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. Small cells can exchange substances more readily than large cells because small objects have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than larger objects. Most cells function best within a narrow range of light, temperature and pH. At very low temperatures, reaction rates are too slow. Extremes of light, temperature and pH can irreversibly change the structure of most protein molecules. Vocabulary: pH, surface area, volume Turgor pressure is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells, determined by the water content. Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure can cause stroke. Breathing gas under pressure can present a myriad of possible medical problems. One of these is decompression sickness or "the bends," caused by breathing nitrogen or other gases under pressure, which are not metabolized by the body. Vocabulary Bends Stroke Hickox: Baker High School Biology G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Life’s Levels of Organization Chemistry and Life 4/21/2017 Simple to Complex Life’s Levels of Organization Our journey begins here, atoms like Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O) Atoms come together to make up molecules like water, H2O. Molecules make up organelles. A group of organelles make up cells. Hickox: Baker High School Biology G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

CO2 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + 02 4. Chemical Reactions REACTANTS PRODUCT(S) Sun CO2 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + 02 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Hickox: Baker High School Biology Acids and Bases 5. Acids are substances that forms in water and release hydrogen ions (H+). 6. Bases are substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-). 7. pH measures how acidic or basic a solution is Hickox: Baker High School Biology

Hickox: Baker High School Biology pH Scale 7. A pH scale is used to indicate how acid and basic of a solution. 8. Ranges from 0-14 7 = Neutral >7 = Base <7 = Acid Hickox: Baker High School Biology

Hickox: Baker High School Biology

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 pH Matters A strong acid is pH of 2 pH is a measure of proton (hydrogen ion or H+) concentration . Low pH = lots of H+s, high pH = few H+s. In biology, keeping H+ levels within a narrow range is critically important. A strong base is pH of 12 G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 VIDEO FROM FILE Diffusion 9. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion continues until there is no concentration gradient! What affects the speed of Diffusion? 10. concentration: main factor, higher the more 11. temperature: if temp. increase greater diffusion 12. pressure: increasing pressure increases diffusion G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

no concentration gradient! Dynamic equilibrium no concentration gradient! Dynamic equilibrium

Hickox: Baker High School Osmosis Hickox: Baker High School

Hickox: Baker High School Osmosis 13. Isotonic Solution - Solute and Solvent (water) concentrations both inside and outside the membrane are equal. 14. Hypotonic Solution - Solution with a lower concentration of solute than the solution on the other side of the membrane. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell. Lysis Hickox: Baker High School

Hickox: Baker High School Osmosis 15. Hypertonic Solution - Solution with a higher concentration of solute than the solution on the other side of the membrane. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink. Plasmolysis Hickox: Baker High School

Summary Section 2 – pages 152-156 The results of diffusion (write into notes) When a cell is in dynamic equilibrium with its environment, materials move into and out of the cell at equal rates. As a result, there is no net change in concentration inside or outside the cell. Material moving out of cell equals material moving into cell Summary Section 2 – pages 152-156

16. What type of osmosis is this 16. What type of osmosis is this? (Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) Does cell shrink, expand, or stay the same? isotonic Stays the same

17. What type of osmosis is this 17. What type of osmosis is this? (Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) Does cell shrink, expand, or stay the same? hypotonic expands

18. What type of osmosis is this 18. What type of osmosis is this? (Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic) Does cell shrink, expand, or stay the same? hypertonic shrinks

Diffusion in Living Systems: the way cells move substances in and out of the cell Osmosis is the diffusion of particles through a semi- permeable membrane. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules Review Quiz: OSMOSIS 4/21/2017 VIDEO FROM FILE 20. ___________ is the diffusion of particles through a semi- permeable membrane. 21. __________________: movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis. The cell uses NO energy to move these particles 22. ________________: the transport of materials against the gradient and this takes energy 23, _________________: the pushing out of water in a plant cell against the cell wall 24. __________________: shrinking of cell due to water moving out (dissolved solution outside cell high) 25._____________: swelling of a cell due to water moving in 26. ____________: concentrations inside and outside cell is balanced. Osmosis Passive transport Active transport Turgor pressure hypertonic hypotonic Isotonic G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Biomolecule: Structures vary Three views of glucose, a common simple sugar. RINGS amino acids BUNCHED CHAINS lipids LONG CHAINS G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Molecules of Life How do you build a cell? Start with water, add lots of small carbon-containing molecules and ……. Use these four major classes of biological molecules: Carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 27. Carbohydrates are used for energy and to create structures. 28. The building blocks for carbohydrates are simple sugars. Three views of glucose, a common simple sugar. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 30. Lipids are large and are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen and small amounts of oxygen. Fat Lipids are used by cells for energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings, such as in membranes. Phospholipid G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Phospholipids Form Double-Layered Biological Membranes G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Protein p. 66 32. Proteins are the key elements of life. 33. Proteins provide structure for tissue and organs and carry out cell metabolism. Provide the body with the ability to move muscles. They are needed to transport oxygen in the bloodstream. 34. Enzymes, a type of protein that change the speed of chemicals reactions in the body. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

34a. An enzyme (p. 66) is a protein that enables other molecules to undergo chemical changes to form new products. Enzymes increase the speed of reactions that would otherwise proceed too slowly. Substrate Active site Section 3 Check

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Strands of the Protein Keratin Create Hair G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 Nucleotides are Chains of Linked Amino Acids DNA and RNA 35. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids! 36. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. Both are involved in the storage and flow of information from gene to gene product. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Water, pH, and Biological Molecules 4/21/2017 39. Nucleotides Are the Monomers That Create Polymers of DNA and RNA The small subunits that make up nucleic acids are nucleotides. G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

Hickox: Baker High School Biology Chemistry and Life DNA 4/21/2017 Hickox: Baker High School Biology G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

RNA Mader: Biology 8th Ed.