Goal — The BP Routing Collaboration tool is a web-based.NET application consisting of server-based GIS and modeling components that identify the least cost path optimization for pipeline routing and integrate procedures for Hydraulic, Cost and Economic evaluation of alternative routes. Primarily for Pre-Appraise, Appraise, & Select (Design, Construct & Operate). BP Routing Collaboration Tool Databases for application and spatial data (GIS). Models integrated or stand alone for generating pipeline routes and evaluation of hydraulic, cost and economic factors. Components — The application consists of three major components: Web Environment for user access/security, viewing existing project data and simulations, generating new simulations, storage of results and database maintenance. Progress report 2004

Application Process Flow Normal User User Admin Project Admin Model Admin Data Admin Interface/Security R, H, C, E Models Model Parameters Map Data _________________________ Simulations Database Web-based Cost Model Segment: Terrain factor Climate Land Use Slope Reinstatement Groundwater Environment Crossings Geo-hazards User Input Hydraulic Model Factor Maps GIS-derived Input Data Segment: Elevation Slope length Terrain factor User Input Economic Model User Input Routing Model Route/Corridor

Global Map Level Database Elements Administrative Data (Oracle) Tabular data specifying user profiles, security setting, etc. Non-Spatial Model Data (Oracle) Tabular Input and Tabular/Graphic Output data for the Hydraulic, Cost and Economic Models Spatial Data (Arc SDE) Background/Navigational maps for reference (vector) Routing Model maps of selection criteria (raster) Global Maps (1km)— 8 layers including exclusion and preference layers (online) Regional Maps (30-90m)— 22 layers including exclusion and preference Layers (project specific) Local Maps (<30m)— custom set of additional high resolution map layers as appropriate for final siting and engineering design GIS-derived data for input to the Hydraulic and Cost Models Regional Map Level

BP Routing Model Criteria Maps (Regional) Land Cover (1) Sensitive Areas (7) Environmental Wt. Average Environmental Population Density (9) Population Proximity (4) Environmental HCA (9) HCA Proximity (1) Consequences Wt. Average Consequences Land Use (1) Ground Type (6) Infrastructure (3) Major Crossings (5) Terrain Slope (8) Construction Period (7) Restoration Costs (3) Construction Wt. Average Construction Regional Security (8) Geo-hazards (9) Third party (5) Construction Hazards (1) Hazards Wt. Average Hazards Wt. Average ALL CRITERIA (1) Combined EXCLUSIONS Exclusions Physical Barriers Maximum Slopes Security Conflicts Protected Areas City Centers Unstable Areas Discrete Cost Surface Can’t go there… Avoid if possible… Routing Model Excluded Areas Routing Criteria: Environmental Factors Construction Concerns Hazards to Avoid Consequences Overall Avoidance Step 1 generating the Discrete Cost Surface is the most critical step

Project Selection (BP-Pipe) Upon logging-in, users are presented with a listing of existing projects they are authorized to view. Selecting a project enables them to interact with existing project simulations they or others have created, or generate new project simulations to identify new alternative routes or to specify different evaluation model assumptions.

Setting-up a Route Simulation (Project Area) Using the Global database, the user selects a new Project Area, identifies beginning/end points… Fort Collins San Diego Discrete Cost Surface (slope) …and criteria layers and weights to be used (only terrain slope in this example) Discrete Cost Surface

Setting-up a Route Simulation (user input interface) 1) Enter route simulation name and comments 2) Identify criteria layers and weights to be used for the simulation 3) Identify Begin and End points that will define the route …the simulation parameters are written to a queue to be processed as hardware and software resources come available (about 3 to 5 minutes for a “typical” routing simulation)

Route Simulation Results The simulation is queued for processing then displayed as the Optimal Route (blue line) and 1% Optimal Corridor (cross-hatched) 1% Corridor Fort Collins San Diego Optimal Path 4% Corridor FC SD

Route Segmentation (Hydraulic Model Input) Uniform Length Segmentation Elevation Terrain-based Segmentation …based on elevation profile such that segments are dependent on terrain inflection points S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 …based on planimetric distance such that segments are all the same length # Segments Length S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 Hydraulic Model Input Elevation profile Segment slope Soil/Slope Terrain factor Hydraulic Input Table Natural gas tool recommends optimal combination of pipe diameter, MAOP, & compressor station size/spacing to deliver the most cost effective solution. Liquid tool calculates optimum combinations of pipe diameter, design pressure, pumping requirements, & pressure reduction stations to find the solution for minimum cost.

Hydraulic Model (Excel) Output Input Input Specifications Routing Variables

Route Segmentation (Cost Model Input) A B A & B Universal Conditions Cost Model Input Design Factor, Land Use, Ground Water, Geo-hazards, etc. Cost Input Table …intersecting the route with the “universal conditions” map divides the route into segments having constant conditions throughout their lengths. Variable Length Segments S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 B B A A A A A Design Factor Land Use Ground Water Geo-hazards Climate Conditions-based Segmentation Tool estimates material, construction, & overhead costs for onshore pipelines & associated facilities The basis of the tool is a calculation algorithm which uses cost factors (or cost increments) based upon the inputs Factored cost elements are then re- compiled into an overall cost estimate – which reflects the combined impact of the input pipeline characteristics

Cost Model (Excel) Output Input Pipeline Name & Length General Size & Location Data Line Pipe Material & Costing Data Product Characteristics & Wall Thickness Data

Economic Model (Excel) The Economic Model is used to calculate project economic parameters to assess the commercial viability of the project. Output parameters include NPV, IRR, & Tariff.

Application Processing Flow (Summary) Processing Flow (1) User Environment – login and select project (User, Projects, Data and Model Administer access) (2) Project Simulations – view previous results and enter specification for new simulations (3) Databases – application automatically accesses appropriate parameters and spatial data (4) Routing Criteria – map layers at the appropriate analysis level are weighted (5) Routing Model – routing model derives the optimal route and corridor (6) Route Segmentation – proposed route is divided into segments for calculating Hydraulic and Cost model input parameters (7) Hydraulic Model – route is segmented, GIS data derived, user input specified then results generated (8) Cost Model – route is segmented, GIS data derived, Hydraulic Model results and user input specified input then results generated (9) Economic Model – Cost Model results and user input specified then results generated Generate Route Evaluate Route Generate Route Evaluate Route

Similarities and Differences …the BP application is unique in how it directly involves stakeholders in the simulation of potential routes within a web environment and the full integration of GIS and Excel decision support models (technological emphasis) …the GTC application is unique in how it directly involves stakeholders in the calibration and weighting map criteria layers and establishes a procedure that is objective, quantitative, predictable, consistent, and defensible (social emphasis) …so what is the take-home for GIS students and professionals? Both the GTC and the BP applications utilize well established Routing and Optimal Path techniques to determine the best route for a linear feature… Electric Transmission Line Oil & Gas Pipeline

Spatial Analysis and GIS Modeling …more and more, the fruits of Geotechnology are coming from the advanced applications side of the tree So where are you in GIS? …the US Department of labor recently identified Geotechnology as one of the “three most important emerging and evolving fields” along with Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (Nature, January 2004) Map Analysis and GIS Modeling… address spatial relationships within complex decision making environments Computer Mapping and Geo-query… address infrastructure and inventory with recordkeeping and reporting environment

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