The New Science of Life Chapter 24 Great Idea: Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous technological advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.

Chapter Outline The Technology of Genes Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine The New Face of Medicine Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

The Technology of Genes

Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering Technique Examples GMO Foreign genes inserted Existing genes altered Technique Restriction enzymes cut DNA Another DNA strand binds New gene is expressed Examples Insulin Agriculture GMO DOA FDA EPA Bioterrorism

DNA Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting Process VNTR STR Analysis of DNA in human tissue Uses identify criminals identify victims Process Analyze DNA sections for repeats Compare to individual of interest VNTR STR

Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine

Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine Gene Control Genes on or off Produce only copies Early development Pluripotent Develop into any cell in body Development Blastocyst Outer cells: placenta Inner cells: embryonic stem cells Gastrula Not pluripotent Differentiation Adulthood Somatic or adult stem cells Stem Cell Line Reproduce without differentiation

The New Face of Medicine

Computer-Assisted Drug Design Medicine One or more molecules Bond to specific molecules Change cellular chemistry Research Previous Search in nature Current Use molecular techniques Design drugs from scratch CADD Example Protease inhibitors

Cancer-A Different Kind of Genetic Disease Normal Cell guardianship Cancer Cells reproduce without restraint Due to genetic defect Usually 5-6 damaged genes Collection of diseases Genetic defects Increase cancer probability Lifetime risk >80% Cure Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy Gene therapy

Gene Therapy Gene therapy Example Problems Therapeutic viruses Replace defective gene with healthy gene In vivo In vitro Example SCID Problems Genes inserted randomly No proteins made Therapeutic viruses

DNA Repair in the Cell Damage Repair mechanisms Outside cell Human developed Nature Inside cell Repair mechanisms Point defect Enzymes remove section Mismatch Remove length of DNA Reconstruct section

Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA Independent DNA (mtDNA) Single loop 37 genes Non-coding section 1000 base pairs Use to study human evolution All mitochondria from mother

A diagram of the HIV virus A diagram of the HIV virus. The reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that initiates reverse transcription in the virus.

AIDS caused by the HIV virus. The virus has RNA that enters cells with the virus Enzymes initiate REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION that makes DNA The viral DNA enters healthy DNA and make more viral DNA that assembles into new viruses. We now understand a huge amount about how the HIV virus works.