WedNesday April 8 th 2014 QU: What does it mean to recombine? **Chapter 13 Test April 17 th 2014** OBJ: Bio-Technology “The life of an eyelash is about 5 months.”

DNA TECHNOLOGY: Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Process

Recombinant DNA Some of the most important techniques used in biotechnology involve making recombinant DNA molecules

Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA molecules are pieces of DNA that have been combined from pieces taken from more than one source of DNA ◦ Often one of the sources is a Plasmid, the other is contains a gene we want

Plasmids Small circular DNA molecules that can be in cells. ◦ Often contain genes for resistance to antibiotics.  They are also used for human benefit.

Restriction Enzymes Possible because of special enzymes that cut DNA: called RESTRICTION ENZYMES

DNA Scissors: Intro to Restriction Enzymes DNA Scissors: Intro to Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near this site.

Restriction Sites These recognition cleave sites are called restriction sites. Each different restriction enzyme has its own type of site.

Restriction enzymes Can distinguish between the DNA normally present in the cell and foreign DNA, such as infecting bacteria virus DNA The enzymes defend the cell from invasion by cutting the foreign DNA into pieces so it doesn’t work.

Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes appear to be made exclusively by prokaryotes. (bacteria) ◦ So bacteria is vital to DNA Technology because it makes the restriction enzymes.

Thursday April 10 th 2014 QU: What are restriction enzymes? OBJ: Restriction Enzyme Lab, Notes “Rats can swim for half a mile (0.8 km) without rest, and can tread water for three straight days.” **Chapter 13 Test April 17 th 2014**

Recombinant DNA Identify the desired gene Cut the gene out of the DNA Strand with restriction enzymes Cut the plasmid with the same restriction enzymes and added the desired gene to the plasmid by matching the sticky ends Place plasmid in the bacteria ◦ Allow the bacteria to replicate and clone the gene  This replicates the desired gene  Protein synthesis creates the desired protein

Genetic Modification Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) ◦ Any organism that has acquired genes by artificial means. ◦ Replaces traditional plant breeding ◦ The goal is to make it bigger, better, more desirable organisms

How GMOs are created? Animals ◦ Injecting a gene into a fertilized egg and then returning that egg to a uterus where it can develop Plants ◦ Introducing recombinant plasmid into a plant cell and letting it grow into a plant.

Friday April 11 th 2014 QU: Describe Recombinant DNA? Journal Due Today Chapter 13 Test April 17th OBJ: Recombinant DNA Lab “The Giant Burrowing Frog doesn't croak. It hoots like an owl.”

Monday April 14 th 2014 QU: Why is it important to be able to replicate our plasmid? *Chapter 13 Test April 17 th * OBJ: DNA Fingerprinting Notes and Activity “The world's smallest rodent is Pygmy Jerboa - measuring only a couple of inches in length - and can run as fast as a horse.”

 How is DNA Fingerprinting done?  Scientists use the variable regions in our DNA to generate a DNA profile of an individual, using samples from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and products.

 In criminal cases, this generally involves obtaining samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect, extracting the DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of specific DNA regions (markers).  Forensic scientists compare these DNA profiles to determine whether the suspect's sample matches the evidence sample.

To get the DNA fingerprint:  All of the DNA is broken into pieces at certain locations. ◦ Done by restriction enzymes  The DNA pieces are placed at the top of a special gel held in a frame. ◦ An electric current is applied to the gel. The current separates the DNA into bands of identical pieces. This process is called electrophoresis. ◦ This electric current pulls the negatively charged DNA to the positive end of the gel.

 DNA Fingerprinting moves DNA by applying an electric current during electrophoresis. ◦ This electric current pulls the negatively charged DNA to the positive end of the gel.

 The band pattern is transferred to a nylon membrane containing a radioactive chemical. The chemical makes the bands show up clearly.

DNA fingerprinting is done to:  Determine who a person's parents or siblings are. ◦ This test also may be used to identify the parents of babies who were switched at birth.  Solve crimes (forensic science). ◦ Blood, skin, or other tissue left at the scene of a crime can be analyzed to help prove whether the suspect was or was not present at the crime scene.  Identify a body. ◦ This is useful if the body is badly decomposed or if only body parts are available, such as following a natural disaster or battle.

WedNesday April 16 th 2014 QU: Describe how DNA fingerprinting works. *Chapter 13 Test Tomorrow* Chapter 13 Review Due tomorrow OBJ: DNA Fingerprinting, Review for Ch 13 Test “The normal energy used by our brain is 0.1 calories per minute, and could go up to 1.5 during activities such as puzzle-solving.”

Thursday April 17 th 2014 QU: How did you study for this test? *Turn your chapter review into the HW bin* OBJ: DNA Technology Test, Organize Binder “The normal energy used by our brain is 0.1 calories per minute, and could go up to 1.5 during activities such as puzzle-solving.”

Binder Organization: Ch 13 DNA Technology Hand Written Notes Restriction Enzyme Lab Recombinant DNA Lab Sub work (Book Work) Quiz #1 DNA Technology DNA Fingerprinting worksheet DNA Technology Chapter 13 Review