1 Food Security and Nutrition: Why One Chapter? n Big Topic overall n Food logistics, livelihoods, and nutrition/health are often separate functions… n But, the components are so intertwined, they must be considered together WFP photo - Peshawar 2.4

See page  142 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 3 Stndrd 4 Stndrd 5 Stndrd 6 A big messy chapter…. You will need to read it all to find whatever you are looking for. Livelihoods Cash and vouchers Food transfers 4. Food Security 3. Management Of acute malnutrition & Micro – defs. 2. Infant and Young child feeding 1. Food security and nutrition assessment Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 3 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 3 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Food Security and Nutrition

3 “Where people are at increased risk of food insecurity, assessments are conducted using accepted methods to understand the type, degree and extent of local food insecurity, to identify those most affected and to define the most appropriate response.” Food and nutrition assessment standard 1: Food Security UNICEF photo (  please see page 150 of the 2011 Edition)

“Where people are at increased risk of undernutrition, assessments are conducted using internationally accepted methods to understand the type, degree and extent of undernutrition and identify those most affected, those most at risk and the appropriate response.” Food security and nutrition assessment standard 2: Nutrition (  please see page 154 of the 2011 Edition) A child in Malawi awaiting nutritional assessment, 2010 – Christian Science Monitor

5 Common Nutritional Assessment Indexes: Weight for Height WEIGHTHEIGHT Salter ScaleCollapsable Measure

6 Height,…..or Weight...Length Height for Weight Wall Chart Weight for Height Chart

7 Principle (clinical epidemiology): middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) predicts mortality (better than any other measure)

“Safe and appropriate infant and young child feeding for the population is protected through implementation of key policy guidance and strong coordination” Infant and young child feeding standard 1: Policy guidance and coordination (  please see page 154 of the 2011 Edition) National Nutrition Cluster meeting in the UN compound in Haiti (

“Mothers and caregivers of infants and young children have access to timely and appropriate feeding support that minimises risks and optimises nutrition, health and survival outcomes.” Infant and young child feeding standard 2: Basic and skilled support (  please see page 160 of the 2011 Edition) National Nutrition Cluster meeting in the UN compound in Haiti (

10 “Moderate acute malnutrition is addressed.” Management of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies standard1: Moderate acute malnutrition UNHCR eCentre photo (  please see page 165 of the 2011 Edition)

11 The treatment of moderate malnutrition at supplementary feeding centres A child suffering from malnutrition is given a food ration of ,300 calories, in the form of a cereal broth and vegetarian foodstuffs enriched with sugar and oil, well as mineral salts and vitamins, to supplement the family diet.

12 “Severe acute malnutrition is addressed” UNICEF photo (  please see page 169 of the 2011 Edition) Management of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies standard 2: Severe acute malnutrition

13 Severely malnourished child, 2yrs old. 5.5 k - early August, 1999, cannot walk or sit up. August 20, 7.4 k September 15, 9.8 k can walk again, October, healthy again, out of the programme How a TFP is supposed to work. Photos USAID

14 “Micronutrient interventions accompany public health and other nutrition interventions to reduce common diseases associated with emergencies and address micronutrient deficiencies” (  please see page 173 of the 2011 Edition) Management of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies standard 3: Micronutrient deficiencies Goiter - Iodine Bitot’s spots – Vitamin A Pellagra - Niocine

“People have a right to humanitarian food assistance that ensures their survival and upholds their dignity, and as far as possible prevents the erosion of their assets and builds resilience.” Food security standard 1: General food security (  please see page 176 of the 2011 Edition) USAID photo - Nigeria, 2011

“Insure the nutritional needs of the disaster- affected population, including those most at risk, are met.” Food security – food transfers standard 1: General nutrition requirements (  please see page 180 of the 2011 Edition) AP photo, Afghanistan, Dima Gavrysh

17 All nutritional guidelines and standards converge on the same figures…. n 2,100 Kilocalories Per Person Per Day n 10% of total energy from protein n 17% of total energy from fat n And… adequate micronutrients (  please see page 181 of the 2011 Edition)

18 Individual Need for Calories n Some people need 1,000 kcal/day? n Some people need 5,000 kcal/day? n What does the distribution depend on? n What does the distribution look like?

19 Who have the greatest needs per capita per day in kcals? n 1. Lactating women n 2. Pregnant women n 3. People doing heavy physical activity n 4. People living in severe cold weather

20 So, What is the major Food Item? n n Grain (staple). Typically: – wheat, –maize, (corn) –rice, –sorghum or –a flour.

“The food items provided are appropriate and acceptable to recipients so that they can be used efficiently and effectively at the household level.” Food security – food transfers standard 2: Appropriateness and acceptability (  please see page 184 of the 2011 Edition) China Daily photo

22 Okay, Let’s design a general ration using... n Foods that are available to us n Foods that are reasonably inexpensive n Foods that won’t spoil quickly n Foods that are moderately acceptable n Foods that achieve nutrition objectives

23 What is a typical complement to a grain that adds protein to the overall diet? n Beans, lentils, pulses, groundnuts n And what else?

24 SUGAR CANNED FISH RICELENTILS OILSALT Exercise – the foods below will be distributed as a complete ration, mark on your glasses, how full each should be of each commodity for one person for one day. ???

25 SUGAR CANNED FISH RICELENTILS OILSALT Here is the “textbook answer”…. The following is one standard ration meeting all nutritional requirements….. 420g20g60g 30g 5g

26 Let’s Design a Ration… 20Sugar 30 Vegetable Oil 60Pulses 5 Salt 420 Rice Grams(/person/day)Commodity Kcal? TOTALS?: Use the handout… APPROXIMATE NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF VARIOUS FOOD COMMODITIES PER 100 GRAMS 30 Canned fish

“Food distributed is fit for human consumption and of appropriate quality.” Food security – food transfers standard 3: Food quality and safety (  please see page 186 of the 2011 Edition) Rice weevil in rice – EcoPort.org

“Commodities and associated costs are well managed using impartial, transparent and responsive systems..” Food security – food transfers standard 4: Supply chain management (  please see page 188 of the 2011 Edition) WFP photo 2008

“The method of targeted food distribution is responsive, timely, transparent and safe, supports dignity and is appropriate to local conditions..” Food security – food transfers standard 5: Targeting and distribution (  please see page 192 of the 2011 Edition) Food distribution to flood-displaced in Pakistan – WFP/Rein Skullerud, 2010

“Food is stored, prepared and consumed in a safe and appropriate manner at both household and community levels.” Food security – food transfers standard 6: Food use (  please see page 196 of the 2011 Edition) children cooking their food at a refugee camp in Pakistan: UNICEF, photo, 2011

Food security – cash and voucher transfers standard 1: Access to available goods and services (  please see page 200 of the 2011 Edition) “Cash and vouchers are considered as ways to address basic needs and to protect and re-establish livelihoods.” Did you consider this type of assistance programme in your “Food Aid Exercise” in the last session?

“Primary production mechanisms are protected and supported.” Food security – livelihoods standard 1: Primary production (  please see page 204 of the 2011 Edition) Sarah, 17, helps farm her mother's land in north-east Uganda. guardian.co.uk photo Did you consider this in your “Food Aid Exercise” in the last session?

“Where income generation and employment are feasible livelihood strategies, women and men have equal access to appropriate income-earning opportunities. ” Food security – livelihoods standard 2: Income and employment (  please see page 208 of the 2011 Edition) River fisheries program, Africa worldfishcenter.org photo

“The disaster-affected population’s safe access to market goods and services as producers, consumers and traders is protected and promoted. ” Food security – livelihoods standard 3: Access to markets (  please see page 211 of the 2011 Edition) Times Union photo

SUMMARY: The 4 Main areas of the Sphere Standards relating to food are critical - and highly interlinked. Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 3 Stndrd 4 Stndrd 5 Stndrd 6 Livelihoods Cash and vouchers Food transfers 4. Food Security 3. Management Of acute malnutrition & Micro – defs. 2. Infant and Young child feeding 1. Food security and nutrition assessment Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 3 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 3 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2 Stndrd 1 Stndrd 2