Protein protein interactions

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Presentation transcript:

Protein protein interactions

Better understanding of protein b’s function Introduction Protein a known Protein b unknown Interaction Better understanding of protein b’s function

Introduction Protein a Protein b Function a Protein b Function b Interaction Detecting relationship between pathways Detecting new pathways ובסופו של דבר כמובן להבנה טובה יותר של היצור

Comprehensive methods Old world vs. new world OLD WORLD Discrete methods (1 X 1) MAINLY IN THIS LECTURE ובסופו של דבר כמובן להבנה טובה יותר של היצור NEW WORLD Comprehensive methods

Yeast two hybrid system Simple transcription AD AD = Activation Domain DBD DBD = DNA Binding Domain Transcription Complex UAS- upstream activating sequence transcription gene upstream activating sequence UAS

Yeast two hybrid system Hybrid proteins DBD bait AD fish

Yeast two hybrid system Hybrid proteins AD fish Transcription Complex DBD bait transcription Reporter gene UAS

Yeast two hybrid system plasmids Plasmid A promoter DBD bait Plasmid B promoter AD fish כמו כן הם מכילים גני סלקציה שונים Yeast

Yeast two hybrid system plasmids Report of the gene only in case of interaction Between the two proteins הרבה פעמים הגן המדווח הוא מצע סלקטיבי Yeast

Yeast array – producing the array A comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in S. cerevisiae P. Uetz et al.. ORF – Open Reading Frames Produce the yeast’s 6000 ORFs promoter AD ORF Produce plasmids: each contains ORF + AD Transformation the plasmids into yeast cells Yeast 2 colonies of each transformation are inserted to the array 2 השיטות הבאות מסתמכות על Yeast 2 hybrid system כמובן שכל הזמן יש סלקציות – בפלסמיד, בשמרים וכו‘ ההבדל ממקודם: רק AD לשמר וגם כל ה-ORFs

Yeast array – producing the array ORF of protein y+ AD ORF of protein x+ AD

Yeast array – using the array Selection of 192 “easy” proteins promoter DBD ORF Producing similar plasmids (DBD+protein) Transformation the plasmids into yeast cells Yeast MATING & creating diploids SELECTION OF LIVING COLONIES BASED ON HIS3 PRODUCTION DETECTING THE ARRAY’S PROTEIN ACCORDING TO ITS POSITION החלבונים נבדקים על פי פוטנציאל התקשרות בכל פעם הפגשת שמר DBD אחר עם החלבון

Yeast array - results BEFORE (Pcf11) AFTER RNA14 RNA15 למעלה – ה-chip כפי שהוא נראה לפני ביצוע שפיכת החלבון – הצ'יפ נמצא על מצע המאפשר גידול כל הטרנספורמטים למטה – לאחר שפיכת חלבון Pcp11 שהוא חלק מקומפלקס IA שאחראי לחיתוך ופולאדנילציה של פרה-mRNA. הנקודות הן המושבות שמייצגות חלבונים שבאים עימו במגע, המצע סלקטיבי ל.HIS אותר קשר עם חלבונים כמו RNA14, RNA15 שהם גם חלק מהקומפלקס (מסומנים). RNA15

Yeast array - Results over-view 2 undependable assays were preformed for each of the 192 proteins. 87 out of 192 proteins were detected as involved in protein-protein interactions (passed the 2 assays) total of 281 interactions were detected

Activation Domain library promoter AD ORF Production of ORF+AD plasmids and transformants promoter DBD ORF Production of ORF+DBD plasmids and transformants Production of an AD library Duplicates of a single DBD transformant הכנת היברידים – בדומה להיברידים מהשיטה הקודמת בכל פעם – הכנסת טרנספורמנט DBD אחד PCR + ריצוף MATING (haploids to diploids) The AD library Transferring to a selection plate Detecting the ORF’s using PCR

Activation Domain library - results 817 out of ~6000 proteins were detected as involved in protein-protein interactions total of 692 interactions were detected כמה פעמים באותו ניסוי: קשר של חלבון למוטיב חלבוני שחוזר בכמה חלבונים (קינאז גינרי וכו') דופלקציות של גנים בחלבון (DNA שנע וכו')

Array vs. library - Comparison CONCLUSIONS - THE METHODS’ Rather quick Takes a lot of time Time Huge number (6000X6000) Plenty (192X6000) Amount of checked interactions 1.8 3.3 Average number of Interactions for an interacting protein 14 48 Number of interactions of 12 proteins that were detected in both methods CONCLUSIONS - THE METHODS’ QUALITIES SENSETIVE, BETTER RESULTS QUICK, SIMPLER, CHEAPER

Protein arrays – producing the array Protein chips: from concept to practice Young-Sam Lee et al.. Producing the yeast’s 6000 ORF’s using plasmids Attaching histidine anchors to every protein Attaching the proteins to an array אולי לשים בהתחלה ORF – מקטע DNA – מחפשים מתאונין + stop coddon - פוטנציאלי שיש שם חלבון שתי שיטות: A – חלבונים שונים, כל אחד מקופל היטב B – אותו החלבון בקיפולים שונים אוריינטציות שונות ורמות דנטורציה שונות

Protein arrays – using the array Pouring a protein onto the array Detecting the interactions The poured Protein is labeled Sophisticated assays Using antibodies that detect the interaction’s product מציאת האינטרקציות על פי מיקום החלבון במערך סימון רדיואקטיבי או פלואורסנטי נוגדנים כנגד תוצר הפעילות המשותפת של החלבונים – למשל חלבון א' מזרחן את ב' והנוגדן מזהה את תוצר הזרחון הספציפי שיטות מתוחכמות – חלקן עוד בבדיקה: לייזר שמזהה שינויים במאסה, ספקטרומטר ועוד

Mass Spectrometry of purified complexes Production of chimeric tagged proteins using plasmids The protein creates a complex of proteins The complex is isolated using the tag The complex is separated using gel electrophoresis Each protein is identified by Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry of purified complexes BENEFITS Identifying complex interactions Reliability can be checked DRAWBACKS Needs specific conditions Can lose loosely associated components Tagging might disturb the “complexing” בדיקת אמינות – משתמשים במספר חלבונים מזוהים כקשורים באותו הקומפלקס תנאים- בתנאים לא מדויקים לא יווצרו קומפלקסים

Synthetic Lethal Mutations What’s lethal mutation? and mutants Examine 2 genes , “viable” Examining the creature carrying them LIVES LIVES LIVES DEAD GENES PR’ LEVELS THE CREATURE

Synthetic Lethal Mutations Hypothesis : these proteins are in interactions METHOD # 1: Synthetic Lethal Mutations Create an artificial DNA containing 2 genes with conditional mutations Change the conditions and detecting dead creatures METHOD # 2: Synthetic Lethal Mutations Arrays Create a yeast array, every yeast contains a different mutation Pour different yeasts carrying different mutations CONDITIONAL MUTATIONS – הכוונה למוטציות שבאות לידי ביטוי בתנאים מסוימים, בד"כ חום.קור MATING & creating diploids STIMULATING THE CREATION OF SPORES + SELECTION FINDING THE DEAD

Computational methods Mentioned in this seminar, mainly for understanding proteins’ Functions and using to detect interactions Correlated mRNA expression Measuring mRNA levels under a variety of cellular conditions Grouping the genes that have similar transcriptional responses מדידת mRNA: PCR, הרצת אלקטרופורזה ((northern IN VIVO, EXAMINE DIFFERENT CELL’S CONDITIONS NOT SO ACCURATE

Computational methods Genome analysis – IN SILICO Prokaryotic's operons Genes that are consistently in the same operon, in the same order but in different and distanced creatures CREATURE A CREATURE B ORTHOLOGS 2/3 – 5/6 באמת באינטרקציה ! ניתן להבין שיש באמת קשרים בין הצהוב, הכחול והירוק

Computational methods Genome analysis Phylogenetic profile Interacting proteins have a tendency to be either present ot absent together from fully sequenced genomes Gene fusion (ROSETTA STONE) פילוגנטי – כשליש הצלחה (באמת אינטרקציות) איחוי – כ שני שליש הצלחה One gene in creature A = some genes in creature B CREATURE A CREATURE B 1 polypeptid 3 polypeptids HOMOLOGY

Computational methods Genome analysis Inexpensive, fast, “widened” with the genomes DB Otology relationships are not so clear, not always reliable