19th Century Ideologies Concepts and Movements- Radical Ideas and the Revolutions of 1848

The Dual Revolution Economic (industrialization) and Political (French Revolution) Economic (industrialization) and Political (French Revolution) Posed an intellectual challenge Posed an intellectual challenge ConservativismConservativism LiberalismLiberalism NationalismNationalism SocialismSocialism Inquiries into core human values Inquiries into core human values

1815

Peace Settlement The Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain – defeat France The Quadruple Alliance – Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain – defeat France Congress of Vienna arranges a treaty Congress of Vienna arranges a treaty They restored the Bourbon dynasty, and gave France back the land that they had in 1792 and said that they didn’t need to pay reparations They restored the Bourbon dynasty, and gave France back the land that they had in 1792 and said that they didn’t need to pay reparations They all split up the European chessboard They all split up the European chessboard

Intervention and Repression Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria)- September 1815 Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria)- September 1815 Proposed by Russia’s Alexander IProposed by Russia’s Alexander I Became the symbol of the oppression of civil and revolutionary movementsBecame the symbol of the oppression of civil and revolutionary movements 1820s revolutionaries in Spain and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies force liberal constitutions 1820s revolutionaries in Spain and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies force liberal constitutions The alliance is outraged and Austria marches on Naples in 1821 restoring Ferdinand I in Two Sicilies and the French restore the Spanish monarchyThe alliance is outraged and Austria marches on Naples in 1821 restoring Ferdinand I in Two Sicilies and the French restore the Spanish monarchy Metternich dominated Austria, Italy, and German Confederation Metternich dominated Austria, Italy, and German Confederation Carlsbad Decrees- 38 German member states were required to root out subversive ideas in universities and newspapersCarlsbad Decrees- 38 German member states were required to root out subversive ideas in universities and newspapers

Metternich’s Conservatism Prince Klemens von Metternich remained loyal to hi noble roots Prince Klemens von Metternich remained loyal to hi noble roots Believed that the liberalism of America and France had been responsible for the untold bloodshed Believed that the liberalism of America and France had been responsible for the untold bloodshed Liberals believed that each people had the right to establish its own governmentLiberals believed that each people had the right to establish its own government Metternich’s Austrian Empire was Multi- ethnicMetternich’s Austrian Empire was Multi- ethnic

Liberalism Demanded representative government Demanded representative government For the landedFor the landed Laissez faire- unrestricted private enterprise Laissez faire- unrestricted private enterprise Equality under the law as opposed to firm class systems Equality under the law as opposed to firm class systems In theory- yet in practice some were more equal than othersIn theory- yet in practice some were more equal than others Individual freedoms Individual freedoms

Nationalism Had its immediate origins in the Napoleonic era Had its immediate origins in the Napoleonic era Each people had its own cultural unity Each people had its own cultural unity Language was an issue- Italy Language was an issue- Italy Well-defined boundaries in a nation- state Well-defined boundaries in a nation- state Developing a sense of We and They Developing a sense of We and They Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini

Socialism Began in France Began in France Feared that Laissez Faire and Industry inculcated excessive individualism Feared that Laissez Faire and Industry inculcated excessive individualism Felt that the government should rationally organize the economy to eliminate unnecessary competition Felt that the government should rationally organize the economy to eliminate unnecessary competition Parasites needed to gave way to the doersParasites needed to gave way to the doers Highly moralistic- justice for the poor Highly moralistic- justice for the poor

Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto Karl was the atheist son of a Jewish lawyer that became Christian Karl was the atheist son of a Jewish lawyer that became Christian Felt that one class has always dominated the other Felt that one class has always dominated the other Industry increased the gap between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat Industry increased the gap between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat The bourgeoisie had beaten the aristocracy after feudalism fell and he predicted that the proletariat would do the same The bourgeoisie had beaten the aristocracy after feudalism fell and he predicted that the proletariat would do the same

s were difficult economically, socially and politically 1840s were difficult economically, socially and politically Popular revolt in Paris- Barricade goes up Feb. 22 and by the 24 th Louis Philippe abdicated the throne to his grandson Popular revolt in Paris- Barricade goes up Feb. 22 and by the 24 th Louis Philippe abdicated the throne to his grandson The people refused another monarchy and a republic was set up againThe people refused another monarchy and a republic was set up again News reached Austria and they began to demand constitutions News reached Austria and they began to demand constitutions Hungary then demanded independence from AustriaHungary then demanded independence from Austria They got it but were taken over by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia They got it but were taken over by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia Prussians also demanded a constitution which was granted by Frederick William IV on March 21 Prussians also demanded a constitution which was granted by Frederick William IV on March 21 Became a German National stateBecame a German National state In Italy Italians fought to end Austrian dominance in northern Italy, and to demand liberal, political reform. Garibaldi and Mazzini came to build a Rome of the People, and the Roman Republic was proclaimed In Italy Italians fought to end Austrian dominance in northern Italy, and to demand liberal, political reform. Garibaldi and Mazzini came to build a Rome of the People, and the Roman Republic was proclaimedRoman RepublicRoman Republic By February 1849 Pope Pious IX lost the papal states under the name of a democratic republic. He appealed to France, Austria, Spain, and Naples.By February 1849 Pope Pious IX lost the papal states under the name of a democratic republic. He appealed to France, Austria, Spain, and Naples.