Matilda El-Khoury, UNDP Project Manager Lebanon’s GHG Profile CDM Investors Forum UNEP-RISO, CD4CDM Project Apex-Conseil, Jerba-Tunisia, Sept 2004 R e p u b l i c o f L e b a n o n U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P r o g r a m m e

2 Introduction Lebanon Ratified the Climate Change Convention in Dec. 1994, but has not yet ratified the Kyoto Protocol; The CC Focal Point in Lebanon is the Ministry of Environment; With respect to CC activities, Lebanon has effected one national communication to the UNFCCC (Base Yr 1994) and has made one inventory update (Base Yr 1999); Lebanon has also launched two GEF funded energy efficiency projects; Area: 10,452 Km 2

3 Country Background PopulationForests

4 Country Background AgricultureIndustry

5 CO 2 Index for 1994 and 1999 Year 1994Year 1999 Population [millions] GDP [millions $] Fuel Imports [million tons]4,194,96 Net CO 2 Emissions [million tons]13,80316,253 CO 2 /Capita The CO 2 emissions increased by 17.8% bet and 1999; The CO 2 /Capita increased by 5.4% bet and 1999;

6 Emissions Breakdown for 1994 and 1999 Year 1994 (Gg)Year 1999 (Gg) CO 2 CH 4 N2ON2OCO 2 CH 4 N2ON2O Total Energy11, , Industrial Process1, , Agriculture LUCF Waste Total Net13, , The Energy sector is the largest contributor of CO 2 (85%); The Waste sector is the largest contributor of CH 4 (83%); The Agricultural sector is the largest contributor of N 2 O (96%);

7 CO 2 Breakdown for 1994 and CO 2 breakdown: 59% energy* sector 27% Transport sector 11% Ind. Processes -3% LUCF 1994 CO 2 breakdown: 56% energy* sector 29% Transport sector 14% Ind. Processes 1% LUCF

8 I - Power Sector: Description Jurisdiction: Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Electric Generation: Public Sector (EDL) 77%; Private Generation 15%; Imports from Syria: 8% (850 KWh in 1999) EDL: Installed Power 2348 MW; Available Operational Power 1600 to 1800 MW; EDL operates 8 thermal plants and 5 hydroelectric plants. The power generation from hydroelectric dropped from 786 KWh in 1998 to 331 KWh in 1999;

9 I - Power Sector: Description Despite improvements in the distribution network, power shortage is still wide spread; The yearly growth in electric energy demand in Lebanon over the next 10 years is estimated to be about 3-5%. Recently the Lebanese Parliament passed a law to privatize the generation and distribution sectors of the power utility. Accordingly these sectors will be sold to private companies, with the transmission sector kept under the EDL control and management.

10 I - Power Sector: Emissions In 1999, the electric energy consumption reached 9032 GWh with corresponding primary energy and electric energy densities of 0.32 koe/$ and 0.65 kWh/$, respectively. The per capita electric energy consumption is 2.42 MWh/year. The electric power sector is one of the main sources of GHG emissions. In1994, this sector has contributed around 30% of all CO2 emissions and 33% in Emissions IndexYear 1994Yr 1999 Population [millions] GDP [millions $] CO2 emissions [million tons] CO2/capita

11 I - Power Sector: Mitigation Potential The Mitigation scenarios assessed include:  Improving supply mix through renewable energy (<10%)  Fuel substitution by natural gas CO Demand growth Rate 4%6% Baseline39,644741,4501,200,870 Mitigation Scenario 1 5% Solar ( ) 10% Solar ( ) 711, Mitigation Scenario 2 Natural Gas (as of 2005) 624,738949,878 The assessment revealed that Fuel substitution by natural gas can provide emissions reduction by 117 million tons of CO2 and 251 million tons of CO 2 for demand growth of 4% and 6%, respectively; and the improvement of supply mix through renewable solar energy (<10%) can provide around 30 million tons of CO 2 emissions reduction.

12 II - Transport Sector: Description Land Transport Fleet size: ~ 1.3 million registered vehicles, 75% of which are cars; Fleet age: ~ 70% of the vehicles are > 15 yrs old; Car ownership rate: ~ 3 persons/car; Railway Transport: Non-operable; Public Transport: 38,000 vehicles (taxis, buses and mini-vans) Reliance on Public Transport: Low Road Network: 22,000 Km (of which 15% are international roads); Road Network Jurisdiction: 30% classified → MPWT; 70% non classified → MOM;

13 II - Transport Sector: Description Air Transport Total No. of Flights: 27,878 Total No. of Passengers: 2,222,344 – Target: 6 million passengers Freight: 52,439 Tons Sea Transport Four Sea Ports: Beirut, Tripoli, Sydon, Sour; Beirut Sea Port: docking of > 2,800 ships;

14 II - Transport Sector: Emissions The Largest Emissions Contributor in the Transport sector is gasoline;

15 II - Transport Sector: Emissions The overall import of transport related fuels increased by 12.7% between 1994 and 1999; The CO2 emissions increased by 15.7% between 1994 and 1999; Leaded gasoline fuel was the main fuel used for land transport until 2001, when the Government introduced cost incentives, and starting July 2002, leaded fuel became officially banned. Emissions IndexYear 1994Yr 1999 Population [millions] GDP [millions $] Transport fuel import [tons]1,429,6191,611,157 CO2 emissions [million tons]3,9964,584 Non-CO2 emissions [million tons]0,4830,530 CO2/capita CO2/GDP [g/$ of GDP]437574

16 II - Transport Sector: Mitigation potential The mitigation scenarios assessed include: Introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (<10%) Introduction of mass transport system

17 III - Industrial Sector: Description Number of Industrial facilities: 22,000 Types of Fuel used: fuel oil and LPG for boilers and furnaces; diesel oil for local power generation. The 1999 statistics show a 2% growth over 1994; The main industries in the country include: Building materials industry, food and beverage industry, clothing and textile industry, and furniture and manufactured products. The total industrial output for 1998 was USD 3,953 billion, and the value added was about USD billion. The Industrial sector generates about 188,850 tons of industrial solid waste annually;

18 III - Industrial Sector: Emissions In 1994, the energy consumption figures reached about 970 ktoe, releasing 1924 Gg of CO2. The energy for heat and power, including around 149 ktoe used for local electricity generation, represents 15.9% of total fuel used in industry; In 1999, the sector released 1916 Gg of CO2, in addition to other GHG such as CO (0.003 Gg), and SO2 (1.12 Gg); In 1994, the Industrial sector was responsible for 14% of all CO2 emissions in Lebanon, and 11% in 1999; Emissions Index Year 1994Yr 1999 Population [millions] GDP [millions $] CO2 emissions [million tons]1,9241,916 CO2/capita [kg/capita]

19 CO 2 Emissions from Industrial Sources (1999) CO Gg CO0.003 Gg N 2 O Gg NMVOC Gg SO Gg HFC’s Gg III - Industrial Sector: Emissions

20 III - Industrial Sector: MitigationIII - Industrial Sector: Mitigation Potential

21 IV – Other sectors Building sector: In 1999, the building sector consumed around 4111 GWH, constituting 38% of the total electricity consumed in the country and around 740 toe, constituting 13.8% of the total amount of fuel consumed in The sector has witnessed a growth rate of around 8.5% in electricity consumption and 5.4% in fuel consumption; Waste management: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) makes up about 90% of the total solid waste generated in Lebanon. Lebanon generated about 1,44 million tons of MSW in 2001 (about 3,940 tons per day), or about 0.92 kg per person per day, and emits around 78% of all methane emitted. Organic waste is by far the single largest component of MSW, representing over 63% of the total MSW quantity in GBA and slightly over 50% at the national level.

Thank you for your attention For more information, please contact: Ministry of Environment: UNDP Environment Unit: UNDP EEB Project: References: Lebanon’s First National Communication to the UNFCCC; Lebanon’s Climate Change Enabling Activity, phase II; Lebanon’s Master-plan Study.