CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DEVELOPMENT AND SOLVING THE WATER CRISIS IN MENA REGION Prof. Dr.-Eng. Hussain Al-Towaie University of Aden, Aden, Yemen Web:

CHALLENGES Violence, extremism, multi-disputes, disorders and instability are the features of the current era in our region. Are these our real challenges?

Unemployment & Water Crisis Unemployment rate among young people in MENA region is the highest in the world. Unemployment is a source of frustration and it leads to violence and extremism. Percentage of global youth unemployment

Unemployment & Water Crisis The MENA region falls far below the global average of In 14 countries in the region, per capita water resources are less than 500 m 3 per year. Projections indicate that per capita water availability will fall by half by Sana'a, the capital of Yemen, may be the first capital city in the world to run out of water. If no substantial changes in dealing with these challenges, the whole region will collapse. "Water crisis and unemployment are and will be the reason for powerful conflicts in the near future."

Employment in Renewable Energy

The deployment of renewable energies around the globe is thereby not only a measure of climate protection, but also promoting sustainable growth. Jobs are generated in all stages of renewable energy projects, from planning to manufacturing, installation, operation and maintenance to decommissioning, and in various economic sectors. To-day, about 6 million people worldwide was employed in the renewable energy sector. The global employment in renewable energy in 2030 would account for around 17 million jobs. The bulk of renewable energy employment is concentrated in Brazil, China, the European Union, India and the United States. The proportion of MENA region is negligible.

Per capita available renewable water in MENA.

Desalting Device (Technology) Energy Saline Water Fresh Water Brine Water Crisis & Desalination The region is running into severe shortages of water. There are no other appropriate water resources that could be exploited, except for sea water by desalination. Water desalination is indispensable for MENA region.

Energy for Desalination Sea Water Desalination is: "an expensive, energy-intensive and greenhouse gas emitting way to get water". The bottleneck is energy!!! 5

Availability of Renewable Energy: Solar, Wind, Geothermal

Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity (2013 year-end) Country New 2013 capacity (MW) Windpower total capacity (MW) % world total China 16,08891, United States 1,08461, Germany 3,23834, Spain 17522, India 1,72920, UK 1,88310, Italy 4448, France 6318, Canada 1,5997, Denmark 6574, (rest of world)rest of world 7,76148, World total35,289 MW318,105 MW100% World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, doubling about every three years. Wind power capacity has expanded rapidly to 336 GW in June 2014, and wind energy production was around 4% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly.

Photovoltaic and Concentrating Solar Power are the most common technologies, which are growing fast and generate huge amount of energy worldwide Growth of photovoltaics The growth of photovoltaics has been fitting an exponential curve for more than two decades. By the end of 2013, worldwide installed photovoltaic capacity reached 139 gigawatts. For 2014, another estimated 35 to 52 GW will be installed. By 2018 the worldwide photovoltaic capacity is projected to have doubled (low scenario of 320 GW) or even tripled (high scenario of 430 GW) within five years. The top 10 PV-Countries of Year 2013 are: Germany, China, Italy, Japan, USA, Spain, France, UK, Australia, Belgium. MENA region lies in the sun belt zone, but no MENA country is among the top 10 PV- Countries!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Top 10 PV-Countries of Year 2013 in (MW) Added Capacity 1 China 11,800 2 Japan 6,900 3 United StatesUnited States 4,800 4 Germany 3,300 5 UK 1,546 6 Italy 1,448 7 India 1,115 8 Romania 1,100 9 Greece 1, Australia 850 Total Capacity 1 Germany 35,715 2 China 18,600 3 Italy 17,928 4 Japan 13,600 5 United StatesUnited States 12,022 6 Spain 5,340 7 France 4,673 8 UK 3,375 9 Australia 3, Belgium 2,983 Year end Capacity (MW p )40,30070,500100,500138,900 Growth (year-to-year)73%75%43%38%

Growth of CSP Total global capacity increased in 2013 by nearly 0.9 GW, up 36%, to more than 3.4 GW. During the five-year period from the end of 2008 to the end of 2013, total global capacity grew at an average annual rate approaching 50%. MENA projects: Added:100 MW Shams 1 plant in UAE Existing: Algeria (25 MW), Egypt (20 MW), Morocco (20 MW) Under construction: Morocco (160 MW), Egypt (100 MW), Kuwait (50 MW) Planning: Saudi Arabia announced plans to spend USD 109 billion on more than 50 GW of renewable energy by 2032, 25 GW of which will come from CSP.

Plenty Renewable Energy Resources in EUMENA Biomass (1) Wind Energy (30) Geothermal Energy (1) Hydropower (30) Solar Energy (250) In brackets: (Typical Yield in GWh el /km²/y) Every 10 km² in MENA yield 15 million barrels of fuel oil per year in form of solar energy

Direct Solar Irradiance in kWh/m²/y 1 km² is enough to desalinate 165,000 m³/day. 50 km x 50 km are needed to avoid the MENA water deficit in Solar irradiance 2400 kWh/m²/year x 10 % CSP efficiency / 4 kWh/m³ RO power consumption / 365 days/year = m³/m²/day

Desalination is only one of the answers Efficient water management is a condition for a progress in solving the problem, but without the support of water desalination, the case will become worse. Efficient water management doesn’t mean to have a concept and knowledge of water management, but to have knowledge, experience, know-how and the power to implement it.

Time running out for solution!!!!!!! "Water crisis and unemployment are and will be the reason for powerful conflicts in the near future." Renewable energy has a large potential to contribute to the creation of employment opportunities and provide the energy needed for desalination. "Prevention is better than cure. Investing in resilience now is much more cost-effective than responding to a crisis tomorrow."

THANK YOU! شكرا لكم Altowaie التوي