BELLWORK Use your notes or pgs. 442-446 to answer: Why did European powers want to control colonies in Latin America? (Why were they profitable?) Why did Latin American colonists want independence? Describe the social system of Latin American colonies. Define nationalism. THINKER: Do you think the U.S. is a nationalistic country? Explain!

Latin American Independence Now that you understand the motives behind colonial rule and independence, you are going to learn about specific countries and their fight for freedom. On this blank map of Latin and Central America do the following: Label the countries (A10 & A11) Next, write in the years of independence for the following colonies: Mexico, Haiti, Venezuela(1810) Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Chili, & Paraguay. (pg. 443) Color the colonies based on their European ruler. Remember to make a key! -- France -- Portugal -- Spain -- British

Latin American Independence On a blank portion of your map, you are going to focus on specific colonies and their fight for independence. For each colony you must address the main question: How did this colony get its independence? In order to answer the question, you must read pages 442-446 Colonies you must write about: -- Haiti -- Venezuela -- Mexico -- Brazil Make sure to include any important people and events. SUMMARIZE!!!

Nationalism Nationalism: desire for national independence. In the mid-1800s there are four primary examples of nationalism: Italy Germany Russian Empire Austria-Hungary Each country struggled with its own desire for unity or independence.

Italy In 1815, the Italian Peninsula was divided into a number of independent states. Each state had a foreign ruler. (France, Austria, Venetia and Italians) In addition to political divisions, cultural and economic differences divided the regions too. People spoke different languages, used different money, and methods of transportation. These divisions made it clear that Italy should be unified! Risorgimento: Italian unification movement; meaning “resurgence” or “revival”

Italy The goal: Italians in different states, like Sicily and Sardinia, would join together and get rid of foreign influences. Count Camillo di Cavour, ruler of Sardinia, led the unification movement. The plan: become allies with Britain and France & drive out Austria. Austria declares war on Sardinia; then, France joins in to help Cavour! At the same time, Giuseppe Garibaldi is leading a unification movement in the South.

Italy In 1860, Italian voters supported a union between Cavour and Garibaldi. The two Italian sides came together, unified Italy, and created a constitutional monarchy. The new king of Italy = Victor Emmanuel II Although unified, the country still had a long way to go North: industrialized South: poor and agricultural

Let’s see if you were listening….. Explain how Italy was divided. Why did Italy want to unify? Who was Cavour? Who was Gariabaldi? How did Italy finally become unified?

Germany In 1815, 39 independent German states existed. Most were controlled by foreign countries; such as political rivals Austria and Prussia. Main divisions were between Protestants and Catholics The plan: side with Prussia for German unification and drive out other powers. Otto von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia, fought for German unity in three different wars.

Germany War against Denmark: Drove Denmark out of German provinces and established Prussia’s military dominance. Seven Weeks’ War: Prussia vs. Austria Prussia aligned with Russia, France and Italy Ended with a peace treaty = Bismarck is a hero! The Franco-Prussian War: France demanded control of southern Germany, but Bismarck refused. Germany won!

Germany In 1871, Germany finally became an independent nation with a new government. Kaiser: emperor = William I Headed the government, military, and foreign policy Chancellor: chief minister = Bismarck

Were you paying attention?!?! What were the main divisions in Germany? Who was Otto von Bismarck? What was the Seven Weeks War? What was the Franco-Prussian War? How was the new government of Germany set up?

Russian Empire In the early 1800s the Russian Empire was made up of more than 60 nationalities and 100 different languages! The Empire was an autocracy: government in which one person rules with unlimited authority. Leader of the autocracy = czar. The plan: escape harsh rule of the czars and establish civil rights, equality and a functioning government.

Russian Empire Czar Alexander III: wanted to unify the empire by a policy of Russification. Russification: persecution of non-Russian peoples, anyone who questioned the czar’s authority, or followed a different religion. These harsh policies created a huge wave of revolutions from peasants, radicals, anarchists and reformers. Czar Nicholas II: next in power; still used an autocratic government

Russian Empire In October 1905, angry peasants seized control of the cities Forced Nicholas II to meet the demands of the people October Manifesto: granted civil rights and set up constitutional monarchy. The empire was finally unified under a common government! This unification was only temporary because the peasants will rise up again on the eve of WWI.

YAY, QUESTION TIME!!! What is an autocracy? Why did groups want to unify the Russian Empire? What was Russification? Who was Czar Nicholas II? How did the Russian Empire finally become unified?

Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy: combination of two states with one monarch Empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary joined together 3/5 of Austria-Hungary’s population were Slavs – who had no voice in the government. Slavic nationalist groups wanted to break free of the Empire and create their own countries.

Austria-Hungary In 1877, Russia went to war on behalf of the Slavic people in the Balkan Peninsula. As Russia began to win, various states within Austria-Hungary declared their independence. By 1912, the new Balkan states joined together to protect themselves from Austria-Hungarian rule. The tensions in this region eventually cause WWI.

Last questions, I promise….. What is a dual monarchy? Why did the Slavic population want independence from Austria-Hungary? How did Russia get involved? What were the Balkans? Why was this region important?