Marine Invertebrates

Marine Invertebrates Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Animalia (animals) No vertebra (backbone) 97% of all animal species on earth

Phylogenetics Embryo cell division Protostomes (mouth first) Deuterostomes (mouth second) Embryo cell division simple ---------------------------- complex

Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

Pelagic vs. Benthic Zones

Suspension vs. Deposit Feeding

Sponges Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) Structurally simple No true tissues or organs Aggregate of 4+ kinds of cells Most distinguishing – collar cell (filter feeding) Spicules (CaCO3 or SiO2), spongin (protein mesh) internal skeleton No symmetry (asymmetry)

Sponges Active suspension feeders (filter feeders) Benthic spongin http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/03180007.jpg

Sponges Can reaggregate, regenerate

Sponges Reproduction: Asexual Break, regenerate Sexual Broadcast sperm Internal fertilization Planktonic larvae http://www.sars.no/images/adamska_Research_Figure3.jpg http://www.oceanicresearch.org/jpegs/spawning_sponge.jpg

Sponges Phylum Porifera – 3 classes: Class Calcarea (CaCO3 spicules) Class Hexactinellida (SiO2 spicules, glass sponges) Class Demospongiae (spongin, maybe SiO2 spicules, 95% of all sponges)

Sponges – Different Shapes Flat, encrusting Finger, rope Tube, vase, barrel Ball http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/OPG/bahiahonda/photos/BAH-loggerhead-sponge.jpg http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/science/benthic/bc37a.jpg

Sponges – More Variety ← calcareous “fire”→ http://phage.sdsu.edu/imagery/gallery/images/full/opantos_205643651075.jpg http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/oee/vcd/photos/xmarine.html http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/gallery/livingocean/livingocean.html http://www.aquaticvideo.com/reef_creatures_web/images/

Glass Sponges Silicon spicules Deep-sea, cold http://www.science.widener.edu/~schultz/canon_10d/glass_sponge3.jpg http://www.naturalsciences.org/education/deepsea/images/

Long Island Sponges ← Red beard sponge (Microciona prolifera) Finger sponge (Haliclona oculata) Tufted vase sponge (Scypha ciliata) ← Boring sponge (Cliona sp.) http://www.mbl.edu/marine_org/images/animals/images/microciona.2.jpg http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock8l.jpg http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-wale-cliona-celata-beta-wl.JPG http://www.seamasters.be/images/bio/Peter/zakspons(vanBragt).jpg

Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria Stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense and feeding Radial symmetry True tissues, but no organs Planktonic (medusa) or benthic (polyp) – some alternate

Cnidarians Body orientation: Medusa – tentacles down Polyp – tentacles up Radial symmetry: body with gut central mouth circle of tentacles

Cnidarians Tissue layers: Epidermis (outer) Gastrodermis (inner, digestive) Mesoglea (middle, jelly) No organs

Cnidarians http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent/images/nematocyst.gif

Cnidarians Phylum Cnidaria – 4 classes: Class Hydrozoa – hydroids, some jellyfish, siphonophores, “fire coral” Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish Class Scyphozoa – most jellyfish Class Anthozoa – anemones, corals

Hydroids Pink-hearted hydroids (Tubuleria sp.) Snail fur (Hydractinia echinata)→ http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/pink_hearted_hydroids.jpg http://i1.treknature.com/photos/2550/img029.jpg http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/cnidaria/hydech.jpg

Siphonophores http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/plankton.html http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent5/blowups/b_bargmannia_sp.jpg

Hydrozoan Jellyfish Ribbed hydromedusa (Aequorea sp.) NOAA http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40108000/jpg/_40108958_velella203.jpg http://www.reefs.org/library/aquarium_net/1097/images/p_penici.jpg

Cubozoan Jellyfish http://www.australianfauna.com/images/irukandjijellyfish.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/images/Carybdea_sivickisi_Guam.jpg

Scyphozoan Jellyfish Lion’s mane (Cyanea capillata) Sea nettle (Chrysaora spp.) NOAA Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita) http://www.njscuba.net/etc/cozumel/images/03220047.jpg http://www.flickr.com/photos/hershman/253773774/ http://www.itchyfeet.org/roatan/upsidedown.jpg

Anemones Frilled anemone (Metridium senile) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock7l.jpg http://www.sherrysknowledgequest.com/Percula2a.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/69/186245645_0bcd7af4ab.jpg?v=0 http://home.comcast.net/~milazinkova/Fogshadow.html

Soft Hexacorals http://www.coralreefecosystems.com/images/blzoos.jpg http://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/ http://oc-creative.com/7gal/SteveBOXzoos5.jpg

Tropical Reef-Building Corals http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/ NOAA NOAA

Temperate & Deep Reef Corals (Acropora pruinosa – Japan) (Oculina arbuscula – Atlantic to NC) (Lophelia pertusa – North Atlantic, deep) (Astrangia poculata/danae – Atlantic, inc. LI) http://whelk.aims.gov.au/coralsearch/html/401-500/Species%20pages/468.htm http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/05/coral.jpg http://www.lophelia.org/images/jpeg/43570008_cropped.jpg http://www.southernct.edu/includes/images.php?src=news_images&imgid=656

Octocorals http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Coral/images/20050303-113902.JPG

Cnidarian Reproduction Spawning of eggs and sperm (Anthozoans) Alternate between planktonic (sexual) and benthic (asexual) stages (other 3 classes) All have planktonic ciliated larva (planula) http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/images/figures/Figure_4.gif http://people.uncw.edu/szmanta/crbio_slides/crebioslides.html http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab03/Aurelia-planula+SEM.gif

Comb Jellies Phylum Ctenophora Cilia combs (8 rows), prism effect Sticky cells (colloblasts), usually on 2 tentacles http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/260181162_b466c4c8b9.jpg?v=0

Comb Jellies Biradial symmetry (radial/bilateral) True tissues, but not true organs All marine, almost all planktonic Important predators of copepods and larval organisms Large numbers around Long Island Mnemiopsis leidyi

Comb Jellies NOAA NOAA http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/plankton/Velamen.jpg http://www.coml.org/medres/img/figure_18full.jpg http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/animals/radiata/ctenophora/beroe4.jpg

Phylogenetics Embryo cell division Protostomes (mouth first) Deuterostomes (mouth second) Embryo cell division simple ---------------------------- complex

Worms, Worms, and More Worms Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Ribbon worms (Nemertea) Roundworms (Nematoda) Peanut worms (Sipuncula) Echiuran worms (Echiura) Segmented worms (Annelida)

Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes Simplest phylum with true organs, organ systems, bilateral symmetry Central nervous system (brain) No respiratory system (diffusion) Incomplete digestive tract (food, waste through same opening)

Flatworms Turbellarians – free-living, colorful, mostly benthic http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-4a/Class_Turbellaria_1/Lab_4a-01a.jpg

Flatworms Flukes, tapeworms – parasitic http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20031208/87d4bff74e41427cb278526bd9cbe76a/5260_lores.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png/320px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png

Segmented Worms Phylum Annelida Segmented body Circulatory system (some gills) Mostly benthic Most marine species are polychaetes (bristle worms) Others: Oligochaetes (earthworms) Leeches

Segmented Worms Parapodia – appendages for locomotion Setae – bristles http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg7.htm

Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms” Segmented Worms Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms” http://webmineral.com/specimens/Methanehydrate.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg/800px-Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg

Segmented Worms http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition6/daily/ss020602/6.jpg http://storesense2.megawebservers.com/stores/h/HS2651/catalog/christmas-tree-worm.jpg

Segmented Worms Hydrothermal vent, cold seep tube worms Formerly Phylum Pogonophora No mouth, gut, or digestive system Absorb nutrients directly from water or from internal symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria

Segmented Worms http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E84896E2-2F7E-4D2A-9D46-366B50558303/87497/p5365dop.jpg

Segmented Worms Osedax mucofloris, bone (“zombie”) worm http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/whalefall.html

Segmented Worms Leeches not as common in the ocean as freshwater http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/images/parasites5.gif http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/weisblat/media/AEBPARlifz1.jpg