Reykjavik, Iceland: A Hydrogen City Group I – Joshua Markle, Adrian Evans, Calbert Chuderewicz, David Church

Table of Contents I. Description of Task II. Researching the Process from Start to Finish III. Brainstorming and Analysis IV. The Finished Product and Solution V. Cost Analysis VI. Summary and Questions

A New System Must be Designed. The city of Reykjavik, Iceland has converted to only hydrogen to power the entire city. All of their cars are now powered by hydrogen fuel cells. The goal is to design Reykjavik’s transportation system using hydrogen produced by 100% renewable resources.

Our Mission is… Design Goals To design a renewable hydrogen fueling station that can be replicated and will be able to sustain a city’s transportation system. Key Business Goals Sell hydrogen at a price of less than $5.00 per kg. Stations will dispense hydrogen at 350 and 700 BAR and HCNG blend at 250 BAR. Total costs < Total Revenue over the span of 10 years. Primary Market Motor vehicle users in the city of Reykjavik. Companies operating commercial vehicles and public transportation systems. Secondary Markets Casual Consumers Casual ConsumersAssumptions Hydrogen/ HCNG cars and commercial vehicles will be available and affordable at the time of installation. Hydrogen/ HCNG cars and commercial vehicles will be available and affordable at the time of installation. Cars will achieve 60 miles / kg of hydrogen, with a tank size of 5 kg. Stakeholders Car Manufacturers, Air Products, Customer, Retailer, Production of Renewable Energy, Sales Force, Maintenance Force, Transportation Force, Contractors for Construction, Fabrication/Manufacture

This is the Ideal System. The goal is to design a standardized fueling station that can be used throughout Reykjavik’s transportation network. The production process for hydrogen and methane will use 100% renewable resources. There will be no waste put into the environment (CO 2, NO x, CFCs, etc.) The station will be able to refuel individual cars in 5 minutes, even at peak traffic times.

The Capital City of Iceland Reykjavik City Population 118,000 3 rd highest per capita car ownership with 658 cars per every 1000 people. Reykjavik area: 106 square miles Reykjavik area: 106 square miles 80% hydroelectric power is used for grid electricity. The remaining 20% is supplemented by geothermal and other renewable resources. Iceland has the most untapped high temperature reservoirs of any developed country (great potential for Geothermal energy).

Both Hydrogen and HCNG Blend will be Distributed. Hydrogen (H2) Most abundant element in the universe. Does not exist by itself in nature; always grouped with other elements/compounds (H2O). High energy content per weight, but low energy content per volume. Used in fuel cells, where it bonds with oxygen to produce electricity that powers the car. HCNG – Hydrogen-Compressed Natural Gas Consists of up to a 30/70 blend of H2 to CNG. Greatly reduces CO 2 and NO x emissions compared to CNG. Will be used to power commercial vehicles and public transportation buses.

Hydrogen’s Danger is Misunderstood. Hydrogen is perceived as more dangerous than petrol, it but has some safety advantages. Hydrogen is perceived as more dangerous than petrol, it but has some safety advantages. It is 14x lighter than air and therefore diffuses very fast. Very hard to ignite Safer in open areas (after-crash situations) It is more dangerous to store in enclosed spaces, emergency venting is a necessary safety precaution

There are Many Renewable Options to Power Electrolysis, Few are Viable. Solar Power Not viable in Iceland due to the short and dark winter days. Wind No established system in Iceland, disrupts natural habitats. Against Elf superstition. Hydro-Electric 80% of Iceland’s energy consumption is provided for by hydro-electric. However, its potential is being maxed out and it too disrupts natural eco-system habitats. Geothermal Iceland is the most promising country for geothermal energy

Geothermal Energy is the Best Option. Iceland is the world’s leader is geothermal energy. Most high temperature and pressure reservoirs per square kilometer in the world Produce a surplus of geothermal energy yearly. Already use the surplus energy for small scale hydrocarbon replacement. Plans are in motion to build as many as 11 additional power plants 100% sustainable and renewable energy. Less disruption of eco-system habitats.

Biogas is the Best Way to Produce Methane for HCNG Blends. Iceland already has Biogas network in place to fuel their methane powered cars. Excrements would be gathered from farms and taken to centralized Biogas production plant. Farms are very close due to Iceland's small size, transportation would fairly energy efficient. It is estimated that production 30,000 Nm³/ year will be possible in the coming years. More than enough for commercial HCNG blends

There Are Many Options in Hydrogen Production Techniques Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Produces hydrogen from existing fossil fuels. Releases syngas (CO) and CO 2 into the atmosphere. Not environmentally sustainable. Phototrophic Bacteria Purple Phototrophic Bacteria naturally consume substrate wastes and undergo microbial operations which produce H 2 Still theoretical and not developing as quickly as hoped.

Electrolysis is the Cleaner Solution. DC current is passed through purified water to separate H 2 and O 2. The result is % pure hydrogen. The process is energy intensive, but a renewable source of energy makes it practical. Alkaline Electrolysis- uses no special metal catalysts (only nickel and iron), making it cost effective. HPE- Creates a Bar compressed hydrogen output. HTE- Part of the energy needed for the electrolysis reaction is provided by heat instead of electricity.

Transporting from Plant to the Stations Piping to Stations: Underground pipelines going from the production plant to each site. Pipes are made of stainless steel to resist corrosion from the H2 gas. Transported at low pressures (10-20 BAR), so it will have to be compressed when it arrives at the fueling station. Transporting to Station: Tube Trailers – transport H2 at high pressures Cryogenic Tank Trucks – transport liquid H2 Better for longer distances; can carry more H2 Takes additional energy to convert H2 to liquid form

Storing the Compressed Hydrogen and Biogas Hydrogen can be stored both as a compressed gas and as a liquid. Compressed H2 gas – stored in high pressure tanks underground (to save space on site) at 350 or 700 BAR. Liquid H2 – stored in insulated cryogenic tanks Energy would be needed to convert back into compressed gas form. Depends mainly on the form in which the H2 is transported. Biogas will be stored as a liquid before being blended with hydrogen.

Dispensing the Fuel into Vehicles H2 will be dispensed at 350 and 700 BAR, which will be available at each pump. HCNG blend at 250 BAR will be available at two separate pumps. Fueling Process: Nozzle is locked into place in car by turning the handle on the nozzle. Leakage test occurs to ensure tight seal. Fueling begins. Emergency stop will occur if the temperature of the fuel cell is too high. The fueling stops when the desired pressure is reached. Another hose attached to the nozzle allows the excess hydrogen to return to storage. For cars, fueling time is about 5 minutes. It is slightly longer for larger HCNG vehicles (around 10 minutes).

Screening Matrix – Hydrogen Production Steam Methane Reforming from Landfills Steam Methane Reforming from Wastewater Alkaline Electrolysis High Pressure Electrolysis High Temperature Electrolysis Renewability00+++ Cost++000 Energy Efficiency++-00 Energy Use Availability of Resources0-+++ Sustainability00+++ Large Scale Production+++0- Environmental Impact00+++ Net Score31332 Continue?YesNoYes No

Screening Matrix - Transportation Trucking as Liquid Trucking as Compressed Gas Piping to Stations Produce on Site Initial Cost00-- Maitenance Cost--+- Energy Use--+0 Efficiency0-++ Safety000- Amount transported+-++ Net-43 Continue?YesNoYes

Weighted Matrix – Hydrogen Production Concepts SMF- Landfills Alkaline Electrolysis High Pressure Electrolysis Selection CriteriaWeightRating Weighted ScoreRating Weighted ScoreRating Weighted Score Renewability20% Cost10% Energy Efficiency7.50% Energy Use10% Availability of Resources15% Sustainability10% Large Scale Production15% Environmental Impact 12.50% Totals Produce?NoYesNo

Weighted Matrix - Transportation Concepts Trucking as Liquid Piping to Stations Produce on Site Rating Weighted ScoreRating Weighted ScoreRating Weighted Score Selection CriteriaWeight Initial Cost15% Maitenance Cost15% Energy Use20% Efficiency20% Safety15% Amount transported15% Totals Produce?NoYesNo

The Energy Needed is Attainable. Energy Needed for electrolysis: (53.4 KWh/kg H2)(14,600,533 kg H2 produced/ year)= 780 GWh/ year Krı´suvı´k Geothermal Power Plant production capacity: 1968 GWh/ year. Krı´suvı´k Reykjavik

The Complete Process Electricity

Layout of the Station

Front View

Right Side

The Compressor

The Fuel Pump

Nozzles

This Network Will Adequately Serve the City 30 stations spaced across the city of Reykjavik. Each station will serve a population of about 4000 people (approx cars). Each station can serve up to 1333 kg H2 / day. The electrolysis power plant will need to produce and pipe out 40,000 kg / day.

The Total Cost Allows for a Lower Hydrogen Cost Capital Costs: Electrolysis Plant: $69 million Pipeline to Station: $84 million total Total cost of all other station infrastructure: $241 million TOTAL CAPITAL COST: $394 million ($13.13 million / station) Annual Costs Salaries per station: $100,000 / year Auxiliary Costs for Electrolysis Plant: $2 million / year TOTAL ANNUAL COST: $167,000 / year / station Over a ten year span, selling hydrogen at $4.00 / kg will return a PROFIT of 16.4%

This Transportation System will Fuel Reykjavik for Years to Come. Using geothermal energy for power and alkaline electrolysis at a central location to produce hydrogen is 100% renewable. Pipelines to each station will have a high capital cost but are the most cost effective long-term option for distribution. The installation of hydrogen fueling stations in Reykjavik is an important step in eliminating the carbon footprint of the city.

Questions? Main References: City Statistics: Statistics Iceland, City Statistics: Statistics Iceland, Geothermal Energy: Paul Jensson, University of Iceland, “Optimizing site selection for hydrogen production in Iceland”. Electrolysis: A. Mæland, Rosnor Energo, “Hydrogen Production” Transportation: European Industrial Gases Association, “Hydrogen Transportation Pipelines” Storage: US Doe Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, “Hydrogen Storage” Biogas: Jon Guđmundsson, Agricultural University of Iceland, “Options in biogas production in Icelandic agriculture”