The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s)

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Presentation transcript:

The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s)

Problems during the Gilded Age? Unequal distribution of wealth Poor working conditions long hours, few safety precautions, child labor Few protections for consumers Overcrowding, sickness, disease, unsanitary Racism, discrimination (race, gender) Inadequate (no) health care Moral vices Political corruption…

Response to the Gilded Age? The Progressive Movement Personal Responsibility v. Social Baseline If the “system” or those with the ability to do so are not going to look out for the best interest of the people, who will?

Progressivism Not a single, unified movement, but most progressives held four common beliefs: Gov. should be more accountable to its citizens Gov. should curb power and influence of wealthy interests Gov. should be given expanded powers to become active in improving lives of citizens Gov. should become more efficient and less corrupt (so that they could competently handle this expanded role)

Progressives Overall Were of average wealth/status Wanted a government free of corruption that would guard the welfare of workers and the poor

Socialism An economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income Progressive era saw rise in popularity of socialism, but NOT ALL PROGRESSIVES WERE SOCIALISTS!

Urban Conditions:

Settlement Movement Hull House, Chicago 1889 Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr

Jacob Riis Emmigrated from Denmark (1870, 21yrs) Flash Photography Photojournalism (The one who bought the gun!) How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Building Codes Second NYC Tenement Act (1879) mandated an outward facing window in every room Led to creation of dumbbell tenements with “air shafts” between buildings to let in fresh air/light Garbage tended to accumulate between buildings, attracting rats

Municipal Corruption Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of Cities (1904) Originally published as articles in McClure’s Thomas Nast – Harper’s Weekly Cartoonist

Big Business Unionization Knights of Labor – Uriah Stephens (1869) American Fed. of Labor – Samuel Gompers (1881) Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Co. (1904) Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906)

Progressive Reforms

Early Federal Reforms Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Created Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Regulated Railroads Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) Not all trusts broken up, but maintained competition Designed to prevent “Price Fixing,” or the artificial raising of prices Not strictly enforced

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Republican, Progressive, Outdoorsman, Conservationist Veteran of Spanish American War

TR’s “Square Deal” 1902 United Mine Workers coal strike Union ignored an injunction Used arbitration and threatened federal intervention 1903 “Square Deal” became slogan of his presidency

Antitrust Activism TR Enforced Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Northern Securities Company in 1904 Beef trust, Standard Oil, and American Tobacco Company broken up TR administration filed 42 antitrust actions Gained “trustbuster” nickname

Railroad Regulation Used presidential mandate to pass 1906 Hepburn Act Gave the ICC strong enforcement powers Authorized ICC to set and limit RR rates to prevent against “price gouging”

Protecting Public Health Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Laws required accurate labelling of ingredients, strict sanitary conditions, and a rating system for meats

Conservation National Reclamation Act (1902) US Forest Service (1905) Money from sale of public lands used for irrigation projects in arid states US Forest Service (1905) Headed by Gifford Pinchot “managed” resources TR set aside 200 million acres Forests, reserves, and water projects

New Constitutional Amendments 16th Amendment (1913) Authorized Congress to collect federal income tax 17th Amendment (1913) Direct election of senators 18th Amendment (1919) Prohibition 19th Amendment (1920) Women’s suffrage

Progressive Political Reforms Power to the People (Populism) Direct primaries 17th: Popular vote of senators Initiative: voters can put bills before legislature Referendum: voters can vote on bills directly Recall: voters can remove elected officials from office 19th: Women’s suffrage

Other Significant Legislation Cabinet-level Department of Labor (1913) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Created federal reserve system of gov. banks to provide flexible money supply National Park Service (1916)