Standard V: The student will understand the concepts and developments of the late 19 th to early 20 th centuries.

Objective 2: Evaluate the concepts, developments, & the consequences of industrialization & urbanization. (8 questions)

Communication Revolution Cyrus West Field-laid the 1 st telegraph cable beneath the Atlantic Ocean (1866)- Transatlantic cable- made communication between America & Europe very quick Alexander Graham Bell- sent 1 st telephone transmission (1876)- allowed people to communicate across the nation & world Guglielmo Marconi- created the 1 st radio; information would be able to be spread quickly to the public; created a new national culture

Monopolies Large companies would lower prices to force the competition out of business Monopoly- one corporation was the only supplier for its particular industry John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Company; oil monopoly Andrew Carnegie- owned several oil & coal mines; Gospel of Wealth- use money for the betterment of the poor

Robber Barons- acquired wealth by exploitation & ruthlessness Social Darwinism- life is a contest for survival of the fittest Horatio Alger- wrote children’s books about reaping reward of hard work & diligence not social status

Move to the Cities Americans began to leave farming to move to cities for higher pay Many immigrants settled in cities to find work Cities became sources of new people, ideas, & cultures

Working Conditions No laws regulating age or treatment of workers Children worked in factories at a fraction of adult’s wage; developed illnesses & deformation Women were paid far less than men Long hours & 6 days a week

Labor Unions Labor unions were formed to get better working conditions for factory workers Strike- (refusal to work) would be called if factory owners would not meet union demands American Federation of Labor (AFL)- most famous union during the Industrial Age Worked to get 40 hour work week, minimum age requirements, & safety standards

Immigrants Immigrants willing to work for lower wages & in worse conditions Americans afraid immigrants would take all jobs Racism- prejudice Nativism- favoring one’s nations or region Chinese Exclusion Act- Chinese were prohibited from entering the US

Emergency Quota Act only certain number of people from different countries could come to US National Origins Act created more quotas; no Asian immigrants

Progressive Movement Progressives wanted to make changes for people that were being oppressed Muckrakers- authors who wrote stories concerning the abuses of big business on workers & consumers Upton Sinclair- The Jungle; exposed dangerous working conditions & heath hazards in Chicago meat-packing plants Ida Tarbell- The History of the Standard Oil Company; ruthlessness of Rockefeller was exposed

Progressive Amendments 16 th - Income Taxes; used in social programs 17 th - people of the state elect their senators instead of the state legislatures 18 th - Prohibition; victory for temperance movement 19 th - Women’s right to vote

President Theodore Roosevelt President from National Park System- protected huge tracts of land from development Northern Securities Trust- broken up by Roosevelt for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act The Square Deal- verbal contract with people to maintain equality Food & Drug Act- passed after Roosevelt read The Jungle

Election of 1912 William Taft (Roosevelt’s v-p) became President after Roosevelt Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson ran for office Wilson won because the Republican party was split New Freedom- goal was to ensure that there was competition in the marketplace Federal Trade Commission- could investigate companies for unfair practices

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)- made sure that businesses couldn’t use antitrust laws to break up labor unions; sponsored by Alabama congressman Henry Clayton

Race Relations Black Exodus- journey of many black southerners to northern cities Booker T. Washington- founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks Atlanta Exposition/Compromise- if black Americans would excel educationally & occupationally they would receive full rights; very non-confrontational approach to race relations George Washington Carver- worked with cotton & peanuts; Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. DuBois- 1 st black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard; opposed Washington’s ideas on race relations Niagara Movement- called for –Equal economic & political opportunities –End of segregation –End of discrimination NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; DuBois officer Plessy vs. Ferguson- segregation is legal (separate but equal)

Racial Injustice in Alabama Ku Klux Klan- very active in AL Democrats- made segregation the cornerstone of campaign Alabama Constitution (1901)- literacy test or land ownership to be able to vote