1 1 Eric Linder 27 June 2012 Testing Dark Energy and Gravity with Cosmological Surveys UC Berkeley & Berkeley Lab Institute for the Early Universe, Korea

2 2 Describing Our Universe STScI 95% of the universe is unknown! New Stuff Old New Stuff Us

3 3 Mapping Our History The subtle slowing down and speeding up of the expansion, of distances with time: a(t), maps out cosmic history like tree rings map out the Earth’s climate history. STScI

4 4 Matter Dark energy Today Size=2 Size=4 Size=1/2Size=1/4 We cannot calculate the vacuum energy to within But it gets worse: Think of the energy in  as the level of the quantum “sea”. At most times in history, matter is either drowned or dry. Cosmic Coincidence Why not just settle for a cosmological constant  ?  For 90 years we have tried to understand why  is at least times smaller than we would expect – and failed.  We know there was an epoch of time varying vacuum once – inflation.

5 5 On Beyond  ! “You’ll be sort of surprised what there is to be found Once you go beyond  and start poking around.” – Dr. Seuss, à la “On Beyond Zebra” New quantum physics? Does nothing weigh something? Einstein’s cosmological constant, Quintessence, String theory New gravitational physics? Is nowhere somewhere? Quantum gravity, extended gravity, extra dimensions? We need to explore further frontiers in high energy physics, gravitation, and cosmology.

6 6 Nature of Acceleration How much dark energy is there?  DE How springy/stretchy is it? w=P/  A new law of gravity, or a new component? G N (k,z) Is dark energy static? Einstein’s cosmological constant . Is dark energy dynamic? A new, time- and space- varying field. How do we learn what it is, not just that it is? Is dark energy a change in gravity?

7 7 Dark Energy as a Teenager 14 years after discovery of the acceleration of the universe, where are we? From 60 Supernovae Ia at cosmic distances, we now have ~800 published distances, with better precision, better accuracy, out to z=1.75. CMB and its lensing points to acceleration. (Didn’t even have acoustic peak in 1998.) BAO detected. Concordant with acceleration. Weak lensing detected. Concordant with acceleration. Cluster masses (if asystematic) ~1.5  for acceleration. Strong concordance among data:  DE ~0.73, w~-1. Das+ 2011, Sherwin+ 2011, Keisler+ 2011, van Engelen+ 2012

8 Suzuki et al, Suzuki et al, arXiv: Latest Data Union2.1 SN Set Complete SALT2 reanalysis, refitting 17 data sets 580 SNe Ia ( ) - new z>1 SN, HST recalib Fit  M i between sets and between low-high z Study of set by set deviations (residuals, color) Blind cosmology analysis! Systematic errors as full covariance matrix Suzuki et al, ApJ 2012, arXiv: David Rubin

9 9 Are We Done? w(z)? z>1? z<1? There is a long way to go still to say we have measured dark energy! (stat+sys)

10 Dark Energy Properties Dark energy is very much not the search for one number, “w”. Dynamics: Theories other than  give time variation w(z). Form w(z)=w 0 +w a z/(1+z) accurate to 0.1% in observable. Degrees of freedom: Quintessence determines sound speed c s 2 =1. Barotropic DE has c s 2 (w). But generally have w(z), c s 2 (z). Is DE cold (c s 2 <<1)? Cold DE enhances perturbations. Persistence: Is there early DE (at z>>1)?   (z CMB )~10 -9 but observations allow

11 Beyond Einstein Gravity Expansion is not the only determiner of growth of massive structure. “The Direction of Gravity”   δ v Continuity equation Metric fluctuations: Poisson equations Euler equation Need to know: Expansion DE perturbations Couplings Gravity Energy-momentum: Anisotropic Stress/Gravitational Slip Uzan 2006

12 Observational Leverage Dynamics: High+low redshift, complementarity (e.g. SN+SL, SN+CMB/BAO) Degrees of freedom: Sensitivity to perturbations (CMB lensing, Galaxy clustering) Persistence: High z probes (CMB lensing, Crosscorrelate CMB x Galaxies) Test Gravity: Expansion vs growth (SN/BAO + CMBlens/Gal/WL) Very much a program: Multiple, complementary, diverse observations. Equal weighting of Theory/Simulation/Observation essential.

13 History of the Universe WMAP/NASA

14 Looking Back 10 Billion Years STScI

15 Our Actual Universe

16 Higher Dimensional Data Cosmological Revolution: From 2D to 3D – CMB anisotropies to tomographic surveys of density/velocity field.

17 Data, Data, Data As wonderful as the CMB is, it is 2-dimensional. The number of modes giving information is l(l+1) or ~10 million. BOSS (SDSS III) will map 400,000 linear modes. BigBOSS will map 15 million linear modes. N. Padmanabhan SDSS I, II, 2dF BOSS (SDSS III) BigBOSS 18 million galaxies z= ,000 QSOs z=1.8-3 courtesy of David Schlegel conformal diagram Maps of density velocity gravity

18 “Greatest Scientific Problem”

19 Cosmic Structure Galaxy 3D distribution or power spectrum contains information on: Growth - evolving amplitude Matter/radiation density, H - peak turnover Distances - baryon acoustic oscillations Growth rate - redshift space distortions Neutrino mass, non-Gaussianity, gravity, etc.... x25 (x7 LRG)

20 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations The same primordial imprints in the photon field show up in matter density fluctuations. Baryon acoustic oscillations = patterned distribution of galaxies on very large scales (~150 Mpc). In the beginning... Photons tightly coupled with baryons. Density perturbations in one would cause perturbations in the other, but they couldn’t grow - merely oscillated on scales set by the sound horizon. Then swift decoupling so the perturbations were preserved. (CMB) M. White Angular separation  angular distance d(z) Radial distance in z  expansion rate H(z)

21 BOSS – High Redshift, High Volume 6.7  detection of BAO feature 1.7% distance measurement at z= % complete as of 2 April 2012, 100% in July 2014 Final results: ~1% D & H at z=0.35, 0.6; ~2% at z~2.5 (Ly α )

22 BigBOSS Project  50 (Gpc/h) 3 volume, z=0.2-3 (galaxy + Ly α )  20 million spectra, 5000 robotic fiber positioners  3 degree field M. Sholl+

23 BigBOSS Survey 3D map of 50 (Gpc/h) 3 volume with 4M Luminous Red Galaxies, 14 M Emission Line Galaxies, 2M Quasars Tomographic surveys of density/velocity field.

24 Redshift Space Distortions Redshift space distortions (RSD) map velocity field along line of sight. Gets at growth rate f, one less integral than growth factor (like H vs d). Hume Feldman Ω m = gravitational growth index 

25 Redshift Space Distortions Kaiser formula inaccurate Even monopole (averaged over RSD) is poor. Anisotropic redshift distortion hopeless – without better theory. Simulation fitting function Kwan, Lewis Linder 2011 highly accurate to higher k . k (h/Mpc) also see Okumura, Seljak, McDonald, Desjacques 2011; Reid & White 2011 kk F(k  ) RSD reconstruction P true (k,  )=F(k  ) P form (k,  )

26 CMB Probes of Acceleration Post-recombination, peaks  left and adds ISW. Pre-recombination, peaks  right and adds SW. Effect of 0.1 e-fold of acceleration Current acceleration unique within last factor 100,000 of cosmic expansion! Linder & Smith 2010 How well do we really know the standard picture of radiation domination  matter domination  dark energy domination? Maybe acceleration is occasional. (Solve coincidence)

27 Test gravity in model independent way. Gravity and growth: Gravity and acceleration: Are  and  the same? (yes, in GR) 27 Beyond GR Functions Tie to observations via modified Poisson equations: G light tests how light responds to gravity: central to lensing and integrated Sachs-Wolfe. G matter tests how matter responds to gravity: central to growth and velocities (  is closely related).

28 BigBOSS Leverage 5-10% test of 8 parameters of model-independent gravity. G light -1 low k, low z G matter -1 G light -1 high k, high z G matter -1 high k, low z low k, high z G light -1 current +WL BigBOSS P k Daniel & Linder 2012

29 Fundamental and Primordial Physics Massive neutrinos free stream, damping the matter power on small scales. Long lever arm in k determines Σ m to 0.02 eV. Long range in k tests running of primordial spectrum. Large scales test non-Gaussianity. Both are probes of inflation.

30 Summary Much progress already made. Dark energy is not the search for one number “w”. Explore dynamics, degrees of freedom, persistence. Galaxy redshift surveys 3D maps of density/velocity fields, measuring expansion, growth, and gravity (also measures m ν, non-Gaussianity, inflation). CMB polarization lensing is an upcoming probe. Data in next 5 years has us closing in on our chase of cosmic acceleration. New theories for the origin of cosmic acceleration?